Cross Cultural Perspective †Nike Corporation Essay

Cross Cultural Perspective – Nike Corporation In this essay, I will attempt to present an analysis of the ethics and social responsibility issues that an organization can face when it is a global organization. One of the most recognized organizations globally would without a doubt have to be the Nike Corporation. Several years ago the Nike Corporation came under fire for using child labor in Pakistan and Cambodia to make their soccer balls. Because Nike came under fire for this unethical and inhumane practice, the organization attempted to reduce this practice. Pakistan and Cambodia have strict child labor and slavery laws, however, the government has done very little to regulate it. Contracts for production are still being granted in†¦show more content†¦When confronted with the findings, Nike issued a statement stating that they would take corrective action to make sure that the child labor laws were followed and that they would not continue to operate forced labor and bad working conditions within any of their factor ies. Nike started focusing on their social responsibility efforts in areas in which they can have the greatest impact and create the greatest value for the organization and for the communities that the various factories are in. Nike has initiated the social responsibility efforts in the materials they design for their products, as well as the process of making those materials and products. An analysis of the ethical and social responsibilities Nike faced with global expansion had many factors that needed consideration. The first consideration was the cost of making their products. To stay competitive in their prices while not reducing the amount of employees, Nike, decided to outsource some of their manufacturing and suppliers on a global scale. This provided Nike cost advantage over their competition and it also allowed Nike to expand into emerging markets. Some could view this as unethical practice because it could take jobs away from manufacturing plants in the United States; how ever, Nike was acting in the best interests of the organization including its employees overseas and the employees back in the United States. If anShow MoreRelatedNike Corporation Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagesresearch a cultural issue that affects this organizations interactions outside the United States. Define the issue and provide an overview of how it became an issue in the organization. Prepare an analysis of the ethical and social responsibility issues your organization must deal with as a result of being global. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper summarizing the results of the analysis. Include the following: Identify ethical perspectives in the global organization. Compare these perspectives acrossRead MoreNike: Cross-Cultural Perspective889 Words   |  4 PagesCross-cultural perspective Nike Nike is among organizations that are known globally. The headquarters of Nike are in Beaverton, Oregon and it has expanded to other countries in order for them to reach the markets which are untapped so that they can increase their profit margins. For a very long time now the organization has been sourcing its labor from other countries. This is because just as other corporations Nike is escaping the strict regulations which the United States gives them. They easilyRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Nike Is Facing Based On Cross Cultural Settings Essay1983 Words   |  8 Pagesof the most valuable brands in sports industries (Forbes, 2016), Nike Inc.’s strong brand portfolio makes it a dominant market position in this field. However, Nike has been accused of using sweatshops in developing countries to produce its products, which has largely influenced its brand reputation among the public (Newell, 2015). By outsourcing its product lines to reduce the cost of products, multinational corporations such as Nike is facing ethical challenges in terms of setting up factories inRead MoreConcept Of Perceived Value Perception And Its Impact On Consumer Oriented1528 Words   |  7 Pagesneeds of each of these consumers and how the marketing team can segment their approach to idealistically capture their attention. How this then affects the influences of consumer behaviour is identified through these three factors; cultural, social and personal. Cultural factor has a key resonance based on their upbringing, social class and the perception of them through their community. For example, the purchasing of an eveningwear differs in its entirety depending on how conservative their familiesRead MoreCelebrity Advertising5486 Words   |  22 Pagespresented, as well as the historical development of celebrity endorsement. Its effectiveness on investments and consumers in developing countries will be critically discussed, as well as the benefits and risks of celebrity endorsement . The deal between Nike and Tiger Woods will also be critically discussed and applied as an example of the effects of celebrity endorsement, as well as the effects of negative publicity. 2. Historical Development The cigarette industry was the first to formally use aRead MoreAn Analysis of Communication Flow2348 Words   |  9 Pagesas more than just a depth charge. To understand the importance of upward flow, it is necessary to understand the psychology of the employee and the beliefs that he or she holds about him or herself in the workplace environment. The Employee Perspective Like CEOs, employees have beliefs, too. D. M. Armstrong states that if we think of beliefs as maps, then we can think of the totality of a mans beliefs at a particular time as a single great map of which the individual beliefs are sub-mapsRead MoreNike Marketing Plan Essay7652 Words   |  31 PagesNike Marketing Plan By: Marketing Management Ââ€" MM522 March 2004 Outline I. Executive Summary II. Table of Contents III. Company History IV. Marcoenvironment a. Demographic b. Economic c. Social d. Political e. Technological f. Ecological V. Competitive Advantage a. Industry Environment b. Operating Environment VI. Four Ps of Marketing a. Product b. Place c. Promotion d. Price VII. Core Competencies a. Strengths b. Weaknesses c. Opportunities d. Threats VIII. BusinessRead MoreNike Innovation7976 Words   |  32 PagesNike Inc. Prepared by: Chuck Viasi MBA 330 - Innovation and Technology Management August 11, 2012 ------------------------------------------------- Executive Summary Nike, Inc. is a globally-recognized athletic sports apparel company with strong brand loyalty. The foundations of Nike’s success today were established by its Co-Founders Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman in 1972. As an athlete and a coach, their relentless pursuit of improved athletic performance instilled a competitive spiritRead MoreWhat Are Cultural Factors That Promote Caribbean Integration6924 Words   |  28 PagesCultural Integration 2.4 enterprise. Specialised knowledge of how a product works creates jobs in areas such as information technology (IT) support. multiculturalism the official Australian Government policy of encouraging immigration from diverse, ethnic backgrounds. It also refers to the promotion and encouragement of the retention of ethnic languages and cultures within Australian society. popular culture considered to be more mainstream than ‘high culture’. It is associated with ‘lighter’ formsRead MoreInternational Marketing Research10714 Words   |  43 Pagesversion. The major differences are †¢ The national differences between countries arising out of political, legal, economic, social and cultural differences and, †¢ The comparability of research results due to these differences. National Differences The main factors that affect the way in which people from different cultures behave are: a. Cultural Differences: Culture refers to widely shared norms or patterns of behavior of a large group of people. It is defined as the values, attitudes

Improving Sports At School Time - 1566 Words

Many parents put special emphasis on learning math and natural science for their children than paying attention to the importance of physical education. Even public schools do not allocate enough time for kids to practice sports as much as they do for class-based education. In fact, physical activity for children is not only about pleasure time. Rather, it helps grown-up children to extend their capacity to grasp concepts explained in their classes. Children who are active while doing physical activity are expected to be active at class time. Thus, encouraging sports at school time is essential for child development not only for educational success but also for physical, social, mental, and moral development(Griffin , 1998). Physical education helps kids to develop in many areas. Sports that require collaboration between players can help them to grasp the importance of being a part of group and how it is important to unify their effort with others to achieve certain goals. When it c omes to moral development, children will learn to accept that there are always winners and losers and it’s not wrong to be a loser. Moreover, since all kind of sports include competition, kids will have the chance to be physically developed in an exciting atmosphere. All these benefits will positively affect students’ outcome when they return to class. Therefore, public schools should consider physical activity as a crucial component of their educational objectives(.Janssen andShow MoreRelatedRole Of Sports In Society1130 Words   |  5 PagesRole of Sport in Society For many years, sports have played a huge role in many of our lives. They have been used for entertainment and many others would love to argue that fact and say that is their only use and have no other valuable lessons. Sports provide many things to us like Competition that sports like football, baseball, basketball, etc. require. They also teach many life lessons and values to younger generations who play sports. Participating in sports can teach kids Leadership, GoalRead MoreSports participation is perhaps seen as a determinant in the high academic achievement of students.1400 Words   |  6 Pages Sports participation is perhaps seen as a determinant in the high academic achievement of students. It can sometimes be through participation in sports that high school students are able to develop the cerebellar and cerebral part of their brains which determines the level of brain function and learning. (1) Sports are one example of activities which involves team work and specific rules to be met by each participant. It is more than just a physical activity. It can be argued that toRead Morebenefits of youth sports1111 Words   |  5 Pagespositive effects of youth sports Athletics can have a very major impact on a child’s life. Students who participate in youth athletics learn many life skills that can positively affect their lives. Athletics benefit children in physical, psychological, and social development. Studies show that youth who participate in organized sports during middle and high school do better academically and are offered greater job prospects than children who do not partake in sports activities (Marilyn Price-MitchellRead MoreWhy Basketball Helps You : Basketball852 Words   |  4 PagesWhy basketball helps you Basketball is a well-known sport that is played almost everywhere: at school, home, parks, and other places. Basketball is the easiest sport to play, and enjoy with friends. Basketball can help you reach your goals mentally by making you more aware of your surroundings and helping you be more alert of school assignment, other work outside of school, and physically by staying in shape by going to the gym and working out or by just running. Some explanations of how basketballRead MoreAssignment 2 PST312M1626 Words   |  7 Pages4565-391-7 Subject: PST312M – Physical education and sports coaching Semester 1: Assignment 2 Unique number: 527854 Questions 1. Briefly explain the relationship between physical education and sport. (5) 2. Which test is used to evaluate a child’s posture? Explain. (5) 3. Why is knowledge regarding the structure and functioning of the body so important to the physical education teacher and coach? (5) 4. What is integration as it relates to sport? Explain. (5) 5. Describe the teaching progressionRead MoreJob Description Memo1316 Words   |  6 Pagesjob description. I intend to develop a plan for improving my marketability in the sports management job market. To achieve this goal, I will compare my resume with the selected job description, discussing and identifying the gaps between my resume and job description, and discussing detailed strategies to close these gaps. 1. Comparison of Resume to Selected Job/Internship Description While searching for available job opportunities in the sports management field, I located a job offer in theRead MoreEffects Of Sports Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pages If you chose to play sports, is it really worth it? Playing sports, in my opinion, is worth it. A teenager plays to have fun, even try to get a scholarship to go to college for the sport they love, also playing teaches qualities you’ll need for the rest of your life, playing sports can improve your way of life by making a positive impact on your health such as weight, cardiorespiratory health, muscle and bones, and reduced risk of cancer. If you’re involved in a sport, does it have a positive orRead MoreExtra Curricular Activities Affect Students Learning And Academic Performance1335 Words   |  6 Pagesacademic performance because of time management skills. Students who engage in extra-curricular activities have difficulty managing their time. For instance, activities such as basketball and volleyball requires a lot of energy and dedication. Don’t you think these students are going to adhere to the principles every activity demands of them? Especially thos e students that enjoy the sport? Activities may take more than several hours which leaves students with insufficient time to complete their homeworkRead MoreSports Development Essay509 Words   |  3 PagesSports Development Task 1 Scenario: You are on a work placement at the local Sports Development Unit, which is currently reviewing its methods of sports development. You are part of a team responsible for helping it to investigate this, and the hope is that it will further improve its work in the local community at all levels and the areas of sports provision. Part a Identify and describe the key concepts used to promote sporting opportunities and provisionsRead MoreEssay on Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Testing in Schools740 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The procedure of testing student for drugs, alcohol and tobacco before every school day should be allowed. The fact that the subject of drug testing has even been brought up is a sign that illegal substances have become troublesome in high school environments. Therefore, school officials should be allowed to use any means necessary to discourage the use of these illegal substances, even if it means that the school officials could become dangerously close to violating the students’ constitutional

Descriptive Essay Ranch Sorting - 1191 Words

Close your eyes. Imagine, just for a second, being on the back of a horse at one o clock in the morning, standing in an arena, and watching the cows. It is just you, the horse, and the cattle for this moment in time. Then, the flag is dropped, and it is time to go do what you have been training to do. Ranch sorting is a whole other world, a huge competition. When it is your turn to ride, it is only you, your partner, the horses, and ten head of cattle numbered 1-0. The pen is a 60’ round pen, shaped like a figure 8 with a 12’ hole in the middle (Ranch Sorting Rules 1). On one end, the cattle are standing with numbers on their backs. There is a team of two riding at a time; a flag is dropped when one of the riders crosses through the†¦show more content†¦Being competitive in sorting means a lot of things: missing some school/work, late nights, early mornings, and a lot of training. It is important to ride the horse being competed on during the week, and not just at the shows. Everything is usually a little hectic before the sorting actually starts. People normally get there an hour beforehand, so they have time to saddle and warm up their horses, and put their rides in. Just like any other sport, there are nice people, and there are rude people. Most of the time, people are pretty nice and will let others ride their horses if one gets hurt, because it can be dangerous. There are a lot of variables that could go wrong: cattle, horses, or riders falling, an animal getting cut on something, even dehydration can be an issue on hot days. Because of the heat, most people just wear t-shirts in the summer. People always wear jeans, and boots with spurs on them. Majority of the time, there is no dress code, depending on the association. RSNC requires a button down, western style shirt, and either a cowboy hat or no hat. Some people always wear a western shirt and cowboy hat, but it is not always necessary. Majority of the time, people are more concerned with what is going on their horse than their own bodies. Everyone makes sure their bridles fit the horse s head correctly, and that they have the saddle tight enough. If the saddle is not tightened enough, it couldShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCoaching and Counseling 244 Coaching and Counseling Problems 245 Defensiveness and Disconfirmation 246 Principles of Supportive Communication 247 Supportive Communication Is Based on Congruence, Not Incongruence 247 Supportive Communication Is Descriptive, Not Evaluative 248 Supporti ve Communication Is Problem-oriented, Not Person-oriented 250 Supportive Communication Validates Rather than Invalidates Individuals 251 Supportive Communication Is Specific (Useful), Not Global (Nonuseful) 253 SupportiveRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDeviance: Bucking the Hierarchy? 506 Case Incident 2 Siemens’ Simple Structure—Not 506 4 16 The Organization System Organizational Culture 511 What Is Organizational Culture? 512 A Definition of Organizational Culture 512 †¢ Culture Is a Descriptive Term 514 †¢ Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures? 514 †¢ Strong versus Weak Cultures 514 †¢ Culture versus Formalization 515 What Do Cultures Do? 516 Culture’s Functions 516 †¢ Culture Creates Climate 516 †¢ Culture as a Liability 517 Creating and

Albert Camus and His Views on Existentialism Essay

Albert Camus is considered one of the greatest existentialist writers of all time. However, although he was considered an existentialist writer, Camus never labeled himself as an existentialist. â€Å"No, I am not an existentialist† (Albert Camus: Lyrical and Critical Essays, Vintage (1970)) Camus rejected in an 1945 interview, however in some of his literary works, some find that his writings are one of a true existentialistic thinker. Although many contrast these thoughts and believe that Camus was anything but a thinker of this philosophy, Camus is one of the main authors that people turn to research and read to understand the thinking of existentialism. One of his most famous books, The Plague, illustrates the need for a human to become an†¦show more content†¦Camus, in his novel, The Plague, gives the reader a sense that he believes in and has total confidence that man has the ability to fulfill himself, although denying to be an existentialist himself. In this novel, Camus sets the story in Oran, Algeria, coincidently , where he grew up. He describes the town as dull, boring, and soulless almost. â€Å" The town itself, let us admit, is ugly†. (Camus, p. 1) The author is showing us that there is nothing really special about Oran, or in existentialist terms, the people don’t make Oran special. Their only concern, or their only focus, was conducting what they called â€Å"business†; nothing more. However, the main protagonist, Dr. Rieux, was one of the few in his society to actually question, what is the true definition of life? He seemed like he was the only one that realized that Oran was missing just this; life. He was curious what was a person’s or an individual’s purpose in this dry town. When masses of dead rats were lining the street, the public showed little curiosity with, of course, the exception of the doctor. As the plague soon hit, the attitudes of the public had miniscule change. â€Å"Me anwhile they drank their beer, nursed their sick, idled or doped themselves with work, filed documents in offices, or played the phonograph at home without betraying any difference from the rest of us.† (Camus, 184). This shows the reader how powerless these people are. The power for them to chose and think for themselves hasShow MoreRelatedPhilisophical Background of The Stranger Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesCamus’ The Stranger Its Philosophical Background Albert Camus’ novel, The Stranger, appealed to a younger European generation that was trying to find its view of life after the tragedies of WWII and Nazism. Though he eventually came to more mature notions of how a human being should act before his tragic death from a accident in 1960, Camus always believed in the ideas expressed in The Stranger that man must find his own meaning in life, separate from religious or political doctrine. WhileRead MoreWhat is Mans Purpose for Living in Albert Camus The Stranger785 Words   |  3 Pagesphilosophical view encompasses the author of The Stranger, Albert Camus. Almost a year before the World War I, Albert Camus was born in a family of four on November 7, 1913 in Algeria. He was raised by a widowed mother upon losing his father in the Battle of Marne during the French wartime. Together with his single, hard-working mother, they lived with his maternal grandmother and ill uncle in a 2-bedroom apartment. Despite living in poverty, Camus’ ability didn’t falter. Through working jobs, Camus enteredRead MoreExistentialism and Its Role today799 Words   |  4 Pagesdaoism, stoicism, and existentialism. Since each person defines their happiness differently, each person has their own opinion as to whether or not what is read to be correct or not. The goal is to at least shine a light onto what everyone seems drawn towards. Existentialism is an important theory to consider in order to achieve the Good Life. Although existentialism may not appeal to everyone as a reliable theory to achieve the Good Life, it does elaborate as to how existentialism can be used to achieveRead MoreAlbert Camus-the Outsider1194 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Probably no European writer of his time left so deep a mark on the imagination.† – Conor Cruise O’Brien. First published in French as L’Etranger in 1942, Albert Camus’ The Outsider addresses the constrictive nature of society and what happens when an individual tries to break free from the conformity forced upon him by staying true to himself, and following his own ideal of absolute truth and sincerity in every action. Propelled more by the philosophy of existentialism and the notion of the absurdRead MoreExistentialism and its Role Today1027 Words   |  5 PagesDaoism, Stoicism, and Existentialism. Since each person defines their happiness differently, each person has their own opinion as to whether or not what is read to be correct or not. The goal is to at least shine a light to what everyone seems drawn towards. Existentialism is an important theory to consider in order to achieve the Good Life. Although existentialism may not appeal to everyone as a reliable theory to achieve the Good Life, it does elaborate as to how existentialism can be used to attainRead MoreA Concrete Human Existence, And The Conditions Of Such Existence1 689 Words   |  7 Pagesworthlessness. Literature- Existentialism, though it had been present since the 19th century, came of age in the mid-20th Century. This was largely through the scholarly and fictional works of the French existentialists, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus and Simone de Beauvoir. The heavily influenced post WWII movement spurred up a whole new way of thinking. Sartre made the movement popular in that he defined â€Å"Existentialism† and wrote many works solely centered on his views. Simone de Beauvoir- AnRead MoreWith Age, We Question Our Lives836 Words   |  3 Pagesconfusing. Many readers would find Camus difficult to understand especially his philosophy. Camus rejected himself as a philosopher and did not want to be grouped with existentialists such as Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, or Kafka (Payne, 1992). However, many experts say that his philosophy is a mixture of existentialist and humanism. Most of his works revolved around the philosophy of existentialism, absurdism and humanism. Camus may reject that he is a philosopher but his works have greatly influenced manyRead MoreThemes of The Stranger by Albert Camus1439 Words   |  6 Pages Is there any logical meaning of living? Is life worth living? These are the main questions that Albert Camus attempts to answer throughout the novel The Stranger. Albert Camus is a French-born Algerian who lived through the conflict between the French and the Algerians in the mid 20th century which later erupted into a formal war. Camus won nobel prizes for his writing, which delineates many philosophical ideas. Meursault , the main protagonist of the novel, lives life as a physical being and showsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Guest By Albert Camus1082 Words   |  5 PagesSunil Shrestha Professor Jared Westover ENGL-1302-71001 1st November 2017 â€Å"The Guest† The Algerian born French writer, Albert Camus wrote â€Å"The Guest† during the period of conflict in French Colonized Algeria. Through the story, Camus tries to portray the issues raised by the political situation in French North Africa. Specifically, the troubles, a man faces for his neutral behavior of taking either side in the colonial conflict in Algeria. Further, the story emphasizes many of Camus’s most characteristicRead MoreExistentialism in Camus and Kafka1697 Words   |  7 PagesExistentialism in Camus, ‘the Outsider and Kafkas, ‘The Metamorphosis Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis and Albert Camus The Outsider, both feature protagonists in situations out of which arise existentialist values. Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of ones acts. In The

Independent Evolution vs Cultural Diffusion Free Essays

Since the beginning of development, many different cultures came into existence. Civilizations began and of course empires grew. Several reasons lead to the evolution of large, powerful empires. We will write a custom essay sample on Independent Evolution vs Cultural Diffusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some include cultural diffusion, great leaders, inventions, and more. The main reasons were independent inventions and cultural diffusion. The best explanation for the evolution of the large powerful empires was cultural diffusion. Cultural diffusion is when a culture spreads from one group or empire to another and therefore the empires cultures are diverse and the more the diverse a community is the more stable it is. Independent inventions is when a culture invents new methods of life on their own, such as methods of gathering food, hunting, creating weapons, wood work, and as well as ceremonies. Culture diffusion was seen all through many civilizations. In Document 1, Confucius speaks about the importance of parents and how you piety and your reasoning in life is to first serve your parents. Confucius then says after serving the parents you serve the ruler. Cultural diffusion causes this asset to spread. In Document 2, Seng Du, states the serving the king is the assistance in the ruling of one’s country. Many civilizations followed the same moral. In Documents 6 and 7, the details in which the structures were built are very similar. Cultural diffusion is portrayed in the documents. The Romans began using columns just like the Greek. In Document 8, the trade routes were the main reason in cultural diffusion. Traders began meeting with others and began developing there languages and soon they brought them back to there own civilizations and the cultures spread. The evolution of large powerful empires was caused by independent inventions. In Document 4, In the Bhagavad-Gita the Hindu came up with there own way they saw the universe. The Hindus believed in spirits and the multiform world. The document describes the appearance of the deity. In Document 4, Ashoka practices morality and the once war machine ended. Since he is the ruler he believes in all men to be his children. Ashoka desires that all his children be happy in this world and in the after as he wishes for the men also. Ashoka believes that there should be growth of spirit of morality. Independent inventions are portrayed because there are different eliefs and different morals. In Document 5, Julius Caesar defeats enemies and then celebrates with five triumphs. Independent inventions are shown in the document because Romans came up with their own ceremonies. Julius celebrated five triumphs. The celebrations were after the war ended. Many civilizations had their own ceremonies and methods of life. Cultural diffusion also played an important role. Some additio nal types of documents that would help asses the development of empires are primary documents like journals. Journals from traders or citizens would be the best. Trading was the main reason of expansion and evolution. Traders were the reason new languages and cultures spread. With the spreading there were expansions and the empires evolved. As you can see, cultural diffusion and independent inventions were some reasons for evolution is the great empires. With cultural diffusion and independent invention a gradual change occurred in the empires. Beliefs and traditions spread and ceremonies evolved. Diversity became an important role and the more diverse a community is the more stable it is. How to cite Independent Evolution vs Cultural Diffusion, Papers

Globalization and Varieties of Capitalism - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Globalization and Varieties of Capitalism. Answer: Introduction: For Siemens Company to remain relevant in its business operations concerning globalization, it needs to integrate different business strategies such as customization, competencies, along with arbitrage. The company can focus on the creation of their global strategies around the trade-offs while limiting the past compromises (Fritsch, 2015). The company should centralize its intellectual power and innovation capability at domestic markets. The idea will allow the Siemens Company to achieve the packed benefits of economies of balance and to incorporate shared principles, excellence standards, and uniqueness of its brands in global markets. Additionally, the company can embrace the ideas of decentralizing its operations and run such operations as a loose federation (Nafei, 2016). These practices will make the company achieve local appropriate delievry system with fast countering chains of supply and the inferior cost of promising administration of the market. Therefore, Siemens should s hift its errands for naming of brand as well as product arrays to the margin while accepting various changes in trades. The use of effective business strategies is essential in enhancing the performance of Siemens Company to improve its competing practices in turbulent as well as unpredictable environments. Siemens can focus on the provision of guidance on indicators for sustainable manufacturing. The company can focus on establishing clarity as well as the consistency of present sign set by emerging the usual terms and understanding of symbols and application. Besides, Siemens can adopt the practice of identifying promising strategies for eco-modernization (Fritsch, 2015). The idea of cautious assessment of the execution of different policy actions by Siemens for eco-innovation could be useful for identifying promising strategies for eco-modernization. The company can also focus on business ideas of building the shared vision for eco-innovation. The management of Siemens could be essential in filling the slit in the knowledge of eco-innovation by co-ordinating in-depth case studies. Creation of share d business vision by the company could outline the basis for emergent of the shared operations for environmentally communal schemes and roadmap to attaining the set business goals by the corporation. Additionally, Siemens can focus on business practices of developing a standard definition and the scoreboard of their operations (Rieley, 2014). With the development of substantial insight, Siemens Company can deem the progress of the shared description of eco- modernization together with an eco- modernization scoreboard for benchmarking eco- modernization actions and public strategies through the combination of various data and statistics. Management of the Siemens Company needs to focus on business ideas that match the competitive advantages of their new global rivals. The business operations of the company should embrace the ideas of searching lower labor cost rationalizing its product lines that are essential in capturing global scale economies, instituting quality circles and timely production, alow with the adoption of best human resource practices in the business environment (Fritsch, 2015). Siemen should adopt practices of environmental scanning wherever the management plans to enter into the new marketplaces because globalization affects the level of competition as the expectation of consumption increases. The company can aim at improving its customer service in globalized society by focusing on maintaining delivery of quality service and improving the values of corporates (Sharma, 204). The ideas will aid in guiding operations of Siemens to protect its credibility and integrity of its operations in the globali zed business environment. References Fritsch, S. (2015). Technological innovation, globalization, and varieties of capitalism: the case of Siemens AG as example for contingent institutional adaptation. Business And Politics, 17(01), 125-159. https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2014-0020 Nafei, W. (2016). Organizational Agility: The Key to Improve Organizational Performance. International Business Research, 9(3), 97. https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n3p97 Rieley, J. (2014). Building Alignment to Improve Organizational Effectiveness. Global Business And Organizational Excellence, 33(5), 6-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joe.21559 Sharma, E. (2014). Personality Mapping Wand to Organizational Performance. Journal Of Business Theory And Practice, 2(1), 13. https://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v2n1p13

Frequency Heterogeneous Cellular Networks -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Frequency Heterogeneous Cellular Networks? Answer: Introducation Channel reuse provides dynamic control over the receive sensitivity so that it can easily improve the spatial reuse property of channel. Co-channel interference or CCI can be defined as the crosstalk which generally takes place from two radio transmitter which makes use of same frequency Zhu Wang, 2012). There can be several cause of co-channel radio interference like dense deployment. This ultimately relates to the fact that Co-channel interference generally reduces overall usage of channel in a particular zone or area. The channel reuse property is generally applied to some of Non-DFS channels. It is seen that it disables and does not affect the DFS radar signature detection property (Leith et al., 2012). Channel reuse property can be easily configured to operate or work in three modes namely static, Dynamic and Disable. Static mode: This particular mode of operation is totally depended or based on coverage which mainly depends on clear Channel Assessment (CCA) threshold (Jamil, Cariou Helard, 2014). In the static method or mode of operation CCA is adjusted as per the needs of configured transmission level of power of AP. Dynamic mode: In this type Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) is totally based on the loads of various kinds of channels and it also takes into account the location of associated clients. When someone makes use of Channel reuse feature to any kind of Dynamic value. This feature is automatically providing wireless medium to be around. CCA provides threshold to easily accommodate the transmission between AP and kinds of parts associated. Disable Mode: This particular mode does not provide any kind of support to tuning of CCA detection of threshold. Frequency Reuse in Cell In cellular network, frequencies are allocated to the various kinds of services which are reused in a regular area of pattern which are known as Cells. It is generally covered by various kinds of base station (Ghosh et al., 2012). In a mobile phone network these cells are generally hexagonal structure. While in radio broadcasting a similar concept or idea can be developed which is generally based or dependent on rhombic cell. For ensuring the mutual type of interference between various kinds of users which generally remain below the harmful level, adjacent type of cell generally makes of different type of frequencies. In many cases it is seen that C various types of frequencies are used for each particular type of cluster which has C adjacent cells (Novlan et al., 2012). Cluster pattern and frequencies related to it are generally reused in a regular pattern over the whole type of network which is totally used in service type of network. The total bandwidth for a provided system is co nsidered to be C times the bandwidth which is generally provided by a single cell. On the contrary in real world cells, the cells are hexagonal in nature as found in theoretical kinds of studies. Computer methods or techniques are being used for proper planning of base station location and frequencies of various kinds of cells (Saquib, Hossain Kim, 2013). The closest distance which is between the center of two cells which makes use of coverage of base station and interference from other kinds of cells. WMAN stands for Wireless Metropolitan Network which provides a platform for establishment of several wireless based LANs. In this type of connection is established which includes of metropolitan network like various kinds of building in a particular city which can be easily considered to have a connection like various building a city which can be taken or considered to have an alternative or backup to alternative layer or fiber cabling. WMAN technology can be also defined as Wireless local loop. It generally provides communication between two or more terminals with the help of a single value of access points (Bou-Harb et al., 2013). The most common type of Wireless Networking technologies is inclusive of WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). WiMAX can be defined as a broadband service which generally provides high speed connectivity over a long distance which makes it attractive to internet and various kinds of telecommunication provider (Hajli Lin, 2016). There a re certain number of issue in WiMAX network which are rouge dependent station, Dos based attacks, Man in the middle attack. The real test of WiMAX network will begin when the provider begins to make use of wide-scale network deployments and various kinds of researchers and attackers associated with it. In WiMAX there are generally two type of security issue in physical layer that are: Jamming arises by introducing a strong noise so that it can easily reduce the capacity or value of channel which can be considered to be malicious or intentional (Bellalta et al., 2014). Jamming can be easily increased by increasing the bandwidth or power of a given signal. Scrambling can be easily defined as a type of jamming which can be used for short interval of time and it has some specific sort of WiMAX frames. Scramblers can easily reduce the bandwidth of victims and can easily increase the processing of data by making use of some selective scrambling. Water torture attack: This is a type of attack which is generally based or depended on subscriber station to drain some battery or to consume some of the computing sources by sending a series of fake frames. This particular type of attack is considered to be more dangerous than Denial of service (Dos) attack because the subscriber station which is totally based on portable device which carries a large number of limited source. There are other threats which are generally associated with WMAN technology like IEEE 802.16 which is vulnerable to various kinds of attacks in which an attacker which has a sufficient radio transmitter can easily write a radio channel (Bellalta et al., 2016). When the mesh mode in the network is considered the 802.16 can be easily affected by various kinds of replay attacks in which an attacker can easily send a valid frame of attack which consist of valid frames. When this particular type of security flaw is dealt then it results in a concept which is known as mutual type or kind of authentication. From the first article that is from todays internet to future internet of things, I have concluded that this paper merely focusses on various kinds of Internet of things. I have learned about the present situation or value of things which must be integrated into the heterogeneous system (Gamage et al., 2014). This paper provides a summary of things which are in our opinion as the main wireless and technical challenges which are generally in relation to various kinds of technical challenges and it also address the various kinds of technical which must be addressed so that it can easily provide development of IOT and its acceptance in the upcoming years. Although the concept or idea of IOT have changed a lot in last few years but there are some technical challenges which have many kinds of technical issues which might not have been solved which is inclusive of heterogeneity, security, connectivity, management and identification. After analyzing the privacy and security factor an idea has been gathered about reasoning capabilities and method of collection of storing of data about the working environment in which data can be used easily (Florwick et al., 2013). In the energy management topic, I have come across various phases of energy like harvesting, conservation and consumption which is considered to be a major kind of issue. The development of novel solution provides maximum amount of energy in phase of paramount. Effective communication and networking in a dense network generally need some protocol at the lower end which can support to various kinds of wireless Network. Various kinds of issue like medium access control, error cont rol and Quality of service should be incorporated in the various design. After reading the paper on Design and Simulation of State of Art ZigBee Transmitter for various kinds of IOT devices, I have concluded that the paper focus on rapid development in Wireless Networking which has been encountered in the last few years. Wireless Networking focus on high speed and long range of application. I have analyzed that increasing or growing demand of low data and low power of Networking have led to the development of a technology which is known as ZigBee. This technology was mainly developed for WPAN which stands for Wireless Personal Area Network. It is directed at control which provides support at control and military application. It provides low cost, low rate of data with much more battery life. ZigBee is well known standard which generally defines a set of protocol which can be used for communication. ZigBee based devices generally operate on various kinds of frequency band namely 868MHz, 915 MHz and other 2.4 GHz bands. This device has maximum rate of data which is 250K bits per second. The following paper addresses architectural block of ZigBee transmitter. Advancement of VLSI technology has led to the development of efficient, small and flat design. ZigBee has many applications in the field of Internet of Things because of the fact that it that has a low power and low rate of device. References Bellalta, B. (2016). IEEE 802.11 ax: High-efficiency WLANs.IEEE Wireless Communications,23(1), 38-46. Bellalta, B., Faridi, A., Barcelo, J., Checco, A., Chatzimisios, P. (2014, May). Channel bonding in short-range wlans. InEuropean Wireless 2014; 20th European Wireless Conference; Proceedings of(pp. 1-7). VDE. Bou-Harb, E., Fachkha, C., Pourzandi, M., Debbabi, M., Assi, C. (2013). Communication security for smart grid distribution networks.IEEE Communications Magazine,51(1), 42-49. Florwick, J., Whiteaker, J., Amrod, A. C., Woodhams, J. (2013). Wireless lan design guide for high density client environments in higher education.Design guide, Cisco. Gamage, A. T., Liang, H., Zhang, R., Shen, X. (2014). Device-to-device communication underlaying converged heterogeneous networks.IEEE Wireless Communications,21(6), 98-107. Ghosh, A., Mangalvedhe, N., Ratasuk, R., Mondal, B., Cudak, M., Visotsky, E., ... Dhillon, H. S. (2012). Heterogeneous cellular networks: From theory to practice.IEEE communications magazine,50(6). Hajli, N., Lin, X. (2016). Exploring the security of information sharing on social networking sites: The role of perceived control of information.Journal of Business Ethics,133(1), 111-123. Jamil, I., Cariou, L., Helard, J. F. (2014, May). Improving the capacity of future IEEE 802.11 high efficiency WLANs. InTelecommunications (ICT), 2014 21st International Conference on(pp. 303-307). IEEE. Leith, D. J., Clifford, P., Badarla, V., Malone, D. (2012). WLAN channel selection without communication.Computer Networks,56(4), 1424-1441. Novlan, T. D., Ganti, R. K., Ghosh, A., Andrews, J. G. (2012). Analytical evaluation of fractional frequency reuse for heterogeneous cellular networks.IEEE Transactions on Communications,60(7), 2029-2039. Saquib, N., Hossain, E., Kim, D. I. (2013). Fractional frequency reuse for interference management in LTE-advanced hetnets.IEEE Wireless Communications,20(2), 113-122. Zhu, R., Wang, J. (2012). Power-efficient spatial reusable channel assignment scheme in WLAN mesh networks.Mobile Networks and Applications,17(1), 53-63.

The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas Analysis free essay sample

Shining a Light on Omelas Light. Light is undoubtedly the most important entity in the entire universe. Though, it is taken for granted more than anything else despite its significance. It is always there, dependable day by day with the rotation of the earth or by the switching on of a light switch. Without light, life ceases to exist. There would be no plants, for they would not be able to create their own food. Without plants, there would be no primary energy source for the other animals on the Earth. This, in turn, would mean humans would never have existed and this discussion would never be taking place. Light is the core of hope and love, the central idea for never giving up. Pure light grants warmth and affection, encompassing one with a sense of safety and protection. It is the difference between knowing something is there and being totally unaware of its presence. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Light brings out the color in every single thing that has substance. If there is no color, there is no expression. There would be no yellows, which inspire happiness; no greens, which symbolize life and being; no red, that arouses anger and confrontation; and there would be no pink, which conveys love and compassion. It brings out the true nature of every single thing in existence, be it alive or not. In the absence of light, unfortunately, there is darkness. Darkness is the epitome of fear and terror. It is the foundation of uncertainty, hatred, and abhorrence. Darkness promotes distrust and is an easy cover for evil and vile doings. Being imprisoned in the dark gives one the feeling of loneliness and isolation, having no hope of ever escaping its clutches. It makes its victims feel like the only getaway is death, for in death there is hope that there may be something better. Maybe there will be light. Light, the only opponent of darkness. This is the battle between light and dark, good versus evil, God versus Satan. Light is the end of a long, forsaken tunnel that has taken almost an eternity to journey through, while darkness is a little child trapped in a closet with no desire or want to live or exist. Utilizing the struggle of light and dark with skill can prove to be one of the finest ways to sway an audience and is used abundantly in literature throughout the ages. In Ursula Le Guin’s short story â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas†, she uses the various forms of light with white light, darkness, and the visible light spectrum to establish mood in the story. Light is an extremely useful tool in establishing a mood in a story. As a whole, it produces a sense of hope, happiness, and joy in a reader. Its use is apparent especially in this case where, â€Å"There is a room. It has one locked door, and no window. A little light seeps in dustily between cracks in the boards † (Le Guin 3). In this part of the story, the little bit of light signifies that there is a false sense of hope within this room. Since there is not complete, pure darkness, it would give whoever or whatever is trapped in that room an identity and a face. Though, the little light that is entering has a dusty nature to it. Here, it indicates that the hope that may be there is fleeting and deceiving. The boards are holding back the potential of happiness and the locked door annihilates the possibility of joy. Ultimately trapping whatever is in there and damning its pitiful existence to solitude. With the little bit of light giving negative vibes, an abundance of light proves to accomplish the opposite. One such case is, â€Å"The child, who has not always lived in the tool room, and can remember sunlight and its mother’s voice, sometimes speaks† (Le Guin 4). Sunlight, in this case, is being compared to the comforting voice of a mother. The light instills optimism and certain aspiration to see it again and to be in its glow and warmth, just like being within the grasping, loving arms of a mother. Sadly, sunlight is a nearly forgotten, distant dream to this child and the little remembrance that it has of the light gives it courage to occasionally speak. With the physical properties of light and how it implements certain sensations, it can also be used as an emotion giving a literal sense of lightness. This is made apparent on the second page when, â€Å"Drooz which first brings great lightness and brilliance to the mind and limbs, and then after some hours a dreamy languor, and wonderful visions at least of the very arcane and inmost secrets of the universe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Le Guin 2). Lightness and brilliance essentially go hand in hand in this case. The lightness is basically the sense of being fresh and alive. The brilliance is the shining that entails after the initial drooz. This creates happiness in the reader and tries to put them into the character’s point of view, placing them in the story and situation. All in all, LeGuin uses the idea of light to her advantage in the story. However much light is used during a certain point is exactly how she wants the reader to feel. Along with light, though, there is a multitude of darkness prevalent in the story. With light, darkness is an important literary tool in establishing mood in a story. Darkness, in its usual sense, is a dire and hopeless phenomenon that causes heightened despair, terror, and an ominous feeling in its presence. In one instance of the story, it is stated that, â€Å"If the child were brought up into the sunlight out of that vile place, if it were cleaned and fed and comforted, that would be a good thing† (Le Guin 4). Here, the darkness is being referred to as vile. It is opposed to the sunlight as being a worse place to bring up a child in. The darkness is the child’s own hell, a dungeon with no escaping and no hope of living a normal child’s life. Sunlight, in this case, is synonymous with being cleaned, fed, and comforted rather than the vile that is dirty, malnourished, and distressful. Darkness in this story does not always have to mean terror and despair though. A reason being, â€Å"They do not speak to him, for he never ceases playing and never sees them, his dark eyes wholly rapt in the sweet, thing magic of the tune† (Le Guin 3). The dark eyes signify a certain ominous feeling with an unknowing sense to it. The people kept away not because of the evil that usually surrounds darkness, but rather the gloomy air to the boy. This is what subtle darkness conveys to the human psyche, a feeling of mystery and unfamiliarity with the current situation. Also, the dark eyes wholly charmed into the music rather than everything else could refer to a rather demonic trance. The significance of the music may not be a pleasant one and it could ultimately mean that of evil. With darkness being the overall essence of a being, it is also used literally in the story. It is made apparent in the last paragraph, â€Å"Night falls; the traveler must pass down village streets and on out into the darkness of the fields. Each alone, they go west or north, towards the mountains. They go on. They leave Omelas, they walk ahead into the darkness, and they do not come back† (Le Guin 5). Night, the shroud of the thieves, the cover for mysterious messengers, the easy getaway for an inconspicuous stranger. Evil things happen in the night, in this case, the ignoring of the terrible wrong done to the child in the closet. The travelers, isolated by the dark, do not have a face, and are a generalization of what every person would do if they were in that situation. Putting the readers in the situation creates a sense of wonder and pondering. The escaping into the north and west could mean that they want to continue to be in the darkness and solitude. The reason being, the north and the west are usually considered the frontier, dark, and unknown places thus being perfectly suited as hideaways. As a whole, darkness, or the absence of light, in this story is a prevalent topic and Ursula utilizes it to establish mood favorably. Along with the darkness, Le Guin uses the actual color spectrum to institute the mood. Color, like light and darkness, when used correctly in a story can create a certain disposition in an audience. One color can construct sensations, such as hatred or love, felt throughout the entire body. With the perceiving of a color, it reveals the true being of an object or emotion. One such instance in the story is, â€Å"The air of morning was so clear that the snow still crowning the Eighteen Peaks burned with white-gold fire across the miles of sunlit air, under the dark blue of the sky† (Le Guin 1). Color in this passage is evident and immensely important to the setting and mood of the story. The white-gold fire creates a certain awe about the snowy mountains. If it were used that they were dirty or dull, one would not feel admiration and would certainly not feel like they would want to be there. With the dark blue sky, a sensation of oldness and majesty arises. Without a cloud in the sky one would believe that the place is in its prime and an overall joyful nature would surface. Admiration is a prevailing subject when it comes to colors in this story. Another example would be in regard to the horses, â€Å"Their manes were braided with streamers of silver, gold, and green† (Le Guin 1). The silver and the gold in the mane create the feeling of richness and wealth. The green instills life and energy into the reader, livening up the experience of the story and setting a joyful mood. The combination of all three of the colors fills one with delight for life is rich and teaming with excitement whenever you allow it to be. Color and the allusion to life is apparent in other parts of the story, too. The Green Fields is the foremost place for life made apparent by, â€Å"Where on the great water-meadow called the Green Fields boys and girls, naked in the bright air, with mud stained feet and ankles and long, lithe arms, exercised their restive horses before the race† (Le Guin 1). Green, again, is the color most recognized with life and existence. A new awakening is thought of with regards to this color. The naked children and their bare feet exemplify this claim referring to a clean, new life. One feels refreshed when thinking of the Green Fields, and this is exactly as Le Guin intended it to be. Altogether, the visible light spectrum helps to establish mood in the reader and creates a certain feeling with regards to the particular situation. Overall, the basic forms of light including pure, white light, darkness, and the visible light spectrum help establish the mood in Ursula Le Guin’s â€Å"The One Who Walk Away From Omelas. The overall happiness, hope, and joy that pure light creates are enough to bring one to tears. In contrast, darkness institutes depression, despair, and misery destroying ones hopes to continue on happily. The visible light spectrum, or colors, can essentially create any mood that is needed due to the various array of possibilities given from the almost infinite amount of colors. Again, the bat tle between darkness and light is the central point and focus of many stories and utilizing its struggle could prove immensely advantageous in presenting a point.

Acceptance of Homosexuality free essay sample

This paper is a discussion of societys attitudes to homosexuality. This paper discusses the ideas of community acceptance of homosexuality. The author examines societys attitude to homosexuality by referring to four personal interviews which are personal accounts of criticisms of homosexuality. In our community there is common debate about homosexuality and whether it is right or wrong. There are many people who believe that homosexuality is wrong, but where we find a common problem is in the fact that these people have no business worrying about homosexuality, since it doesnt affect their life directly in any way. Accepting homosexuality in our community would help our culture expand, and promote harmony in our community.

Post War Era essays

Post War Era essays The post war era following the Second World War in American history was a time of great growth and development of American ideas, society and culture. Suburban life has been created and flourishing. American developers returning home from the war held the mentality that we conquered the threat of tyranny now lets conquer our backyards. They set out with their idealism and moved away from the cities. They tore down the tree and put planned communities and commerce and named the streets after the trees. It is hidden somewhere in the background of a Norman Rockwell painting and it is kept alive in old television shows, that which the call Americana. As well as Main St. USA is everywhere. With Roosevelts second bill of rights the economy is booming after the war and the nations proud is just as high. The GI bill passes in congress and education is notion that is available for all. This high feeling of euphoria trickles through society. With the growth in the economy and wages the standard of living increased. People set out to form communities away from the city, to be happy to be safe to pursue the American Dream. Society and social structures became transformed and reconstructed. We looked at our government as to having direct interaction and to provide for well beings. People had a rebirth, a new sense of self and pride and thought that they were deserving of rights and privileges. Soldiers returning home from war wanted a family. Wanting things to be better not just for them but for their children. This concept of provider strengthened the male role. He went to work provided a home and wages. The suburb represented this. It was an escape from the hustle and bustle where every child would have baseball diamond to play on and each wife a home with the white picket fence. These were the happier parts of suburban life. It took away the hustle and bustle of city life. It gave a place to retir...

Free Essays on Shaikh Zayed

Shaikh Zayed Al-Nahyan Shaikh Zayed rose to power in 1971. He had orginally been the ruler of Al-Ain, which is part of the Buraimi Oasis complex. When his brother the eccentric shaikh shakhbut, was deposed by family agreement, Shaikh Zayed replaced him in 1966 in ruling the state of Abu-Dhabi. However it is only in 1971 when the Union of Arab Emirates was formed that Shaikh Zayed was chosen for the post he still holds today which is, the head of state of the United Arab Emirates. He also remained the ruler of Abu Dhabi. He united seven emirates under his rule in the form of a federation. The UAE consist of 7 sovereign states: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujaira, Ras al- Khaima, Sharja and umm al-qawani. Each emirate is ruled by a prince from the royal family. Shaikh Zayed created two councils, the supreme council, where all the rulers of the Emirates are represented and the second were all the advisors to the first council are represented. He was trying through this to form a parliamentary democracy in the UAE. He is concerned with several issues. First, he is concerned with the problem of unity internally and externally. He believes in maintaining the cohesion between all Emirates. The UAE has an advantage that promotes its internal unity, because none of its individual members can aspire to complete independence, because of their minuscule size of population. Federation is therefore necessary. Shaikh Zayed presides over all issues concerning the UAE. Moreover, his prime aim is to promote and encourage peace, solidarity and unity among all Arab countries. He is known among all Arab countries to have this role. He strongly opposes the UN sanctions against Iraq. He pleaded among the gulf states and other countries like Jordan, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, to reconcile with Iraq and relieve its people from the sanctions imposed on them. Most of the states refused to deal with Iraq entirely. His strong belief in unity ... Free Essays on Shaikh Zayed Free Essays on Shaikh Zayed Shaikh Zayed Al-Nahyan Shaikh Zayed rose to power in 1971. He had orginally been the ruler of Al-Ain, which is part of the Buraimi Oasis complex. When his brother the eccentric shaikh shakhbut, was deposed by family agreement, Shaikh Zayed replaced him in 1966 in ruling the state of Abu-Dhabi. However it is only in 1971 when the Union of Arab Emirates was formed that Shaikh Zayed was chosen for the post he still holds today which is, the head of state of the United Arab Emirates. He also remained the ruler of Abu Dhabi. He united seven emirates under his rule in the form of a federation. The UAE consist of 7 sovereign states: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujaira, Ras al- Khaima, Sharja and umm al-qawani. Each emirate is ruled by a prince from the royal family. Shaikh Zayed created two councils, the supreme council, where all the rulers of the Emirates are represented and the second were all the advisors to the first council are represented. He was trying through this to form a parliamentary democracy in the UAE. He is concerned with several issues. First, he is concerned with the problem of unity internally and externally. He believes in maintaining the cohesion between all Emirates. The UAE has an advantage that promotes its internal unity, because none of its individual members can aspire to complete independence, because of their minuscule size of population. Federation is therefore necessary. Shaikh Zayed presides over all issues concerning the UAE. Moreover, his prime aim is to promote and encourage peace, solidarity and unity among all Arab countries. He is known among all Arab countries to have this role. He strongly opposes the UN sanctions against Iraq. He pleaded among the gulf states and other countries like Jordan, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, to reconcile with Iraq and relieve its people from the sanctions imposed on them. Most of the states refused to deal with Iraq entirely. His strong belief in unity ...

Definition and Examples of Codification in English

Definition and Examples of Codification in English The linguistic term codification refers to the methods by which a language is standardized. These methods include the creation and use of dictionaries, style and usage guides, traditional grammar textbooks, and the like. [S]tandardization aims to ensure fixed values for the counters in a system, wrote James and Lesley Milroy in Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English. In language, this means preventing variability in   spelling  and  pronunciation  by selecting fixed conventions uniquely regarded as correct, establishing correct meanings of words...uniquely acceptable word forms (he does  is acceptable, but  he  do  is not) and fixed conventions of  sentence structure. The term  codification  was popularized in the early 1970s by  linguist  Einar Haugen, who defined it as a process that leads to minimal variation in  form (Dialect, Language, Nation, 1972). The Evolution of English Codification is an ongoing process. The English language evolved over centuries from Old English to Middle English after the Norman Conquest in 1066 to Modern English in about the mid-15th century. For example, different word forms were dropped, such as having nouns with different genders or additional verb forms. The proper order for words in a sentence coalesced (subject-verb-object) and variations (such as verb-subject-object) pretty much disappeared. New words were added, such as 10,000 of them being incorporated from French after the conquest. Some of the duplicate words changed meanings, and some were lost altogether. These are all examples of how the language has codified. Spellings and meanings continue to change and be added to the dictionary today, of course, but the most important period of codification [in English] was probably the 18th century, which saw the publication of hundreds of dictionaries and grammars, including Samuel Johnsons monumental Dictionary of the English Language (1755) [in Great Britain] and Noah Websters The American Spelling Book (1783) in the United States (Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies, 2007). During the languages evolution, Dennis Ager wrote, in the   Language Policy in Britain and France: The Processes of Policy, three influences were...paramount: the kings English, in the form of the administrative and legal language; literary English, in the form of the language accepted as that used by great literature- and for printing and publishing; and Oxford English, or the English of education and the Church- its main provider. At no point in this process was the State openly involved.He continued, Codification also affected the spoken form of the standard language. Received pronunciation was codified through the influence of education, particularly that of the 19th-century public schools, followed from the early 20th century by cinema, radio  and  television (BBC English).  Nonetheless  it is estimated that only 3-5  per cent  of the population of Britain  speak  received pronunciation today...and hence this particular form of the language is accepted by society only in the sense that it is widely understood. Even though English is a flexible language, continually borrowing words from other languages (an estimated 350 different languages, in fact), adding words, definitions, and spellings to the dictionary, the basic grammar and pronunciation ​have remained relatively stable and codified.

The role of employee engagement in an organization, using M & S food Essay

The role of employee engagement in an organization, using M & S food store as an organization - Essay Example Only a third of employees have motivation in their work places in the United Kingdom (BergHind, 2005). Some organizations have embraced a strong sense of developing employee willingness to have a positive mental attitude towards work (Accor Services, 2009). Only twenty nine percent in the United States are enthusiastic about their work and employment. The business landscape is more unpredictable and more dynamic than ever before. However, despite challenges, most organizations have continuously supported employees to create a positive mental attitude towards work. Human resource remains a fundamental resource in any business. Companies that pride themselves in continued improvement of the intangible resources of the business entity. The intangible resources encompass the psychological factors that influence the mental preparedness and willingness of workers in an important pillar of progress in any company. The company has established itself as a true benchmark of success in the reta il industry through creating a sense of belonging among employees ( Bradley, 2007). The human resource personnel and other officials in the company engage the workforce in various developmental steps of the company. In the current dynamic and ever evolving business landscape, companies have stepped up efforts to engage employees. In the past, organizations were concentrating on staff retention plans which were ineffective in guaranteeing high performance. This is because companies were keeping millions of unwilling workers who simply turned for duty but were never interested in building the organization (Clarke & MacLeod 2009, p 168). Organizations today are engaging employees through informing employees about the organizations, creating strong communication channels where there is feedback from employees and committing the top management to proper service delivery. At the moment, several organizations have improved the extent employee engagement effort. What are the benefits of eng aged employees and how they are been rewarded in regards to their engagement to the organization. The psychological factors are key to the success of any company. Any employee who is engaged to a company will produce better results than an employee who is not motivated at work (Baldwin & Davis, 2006). This makes rewards and benefits to an employee who is engaged very necessary if any organization has to continue performing well (Clarke & MacLeod, 2009). Employees who are engaged will be handled well by the organization. Employees who have a positive attitude towards their work have less stress and are less likely to fall sick compared to those who are not engaged. Employees who are engaged derive joy and attach meaning to their work. This makes employee engagement the heart of high performance in an organization (Accor Services 2009, p 162). A strong correlation was established between employee engagement and the level of performance. The stores that were in the top quartile of enga gement achieved eight percent higher mystery shop scores than those in the bottom quartile (Marks and Spencer Group Inc, 2012, p. 56). This underscores the importance of employee engagement in the success of the company. The biggest job related concern among workers in the United Kingdom is the amount of salary employees earn. More than forty six percent of the workers consider the salary they earn as their main concern (Merrit J. E., 2012, p. 29). Engaged employees get offers from the company.

Tattoos. Cultures that Use Tattoo and Methods of Tattooing Research Paper

Tattoos. Cultures that Use Tattoo and Methods of Tattooing - Research Paper Example Although usually considered by some as a mere way of accessorizing one’s body with the typical dragon or butterfly, tattoos are regarded as an outlet of creativity and a medium of expression by those who truly understand and appreciate art. While tattoos often seem to carry negative associations as the images of gangs of tough biker boys, and their promiscuous girlfriends come to mind as you think of such body decoration, they are also considered greatly meaningful and significant by various cultures. The people of Thailand regard getting tattoos as a religious ritual and they are often used to illustrate holy symbols like tigers, temples, or verses from sacred prayers. In contrast to this, the Japanese culture used tattoos to brand criminals permanently, which worked like a public display of one’s acts. Similarly, in Germany as well, tattooing prisoners with serial numbers meant making it easier to identify them. Such usage of tattooing explains why tattoos are associa ted with gangsters and mafia men. On the other hand, however, some Germans have also redeemed the status of tattooing to that of a form of a body art by using women’s bodies as their canvases to decorate and consequently display their artistic talents. Native tribes of the Polynesian Islands over the Pacific Ocean have taken this a step further as they regard tattooing as a representation of one’s social standing, as they employ tattoos to illustrate lineage, rank in society and sexuality (Wianecki, 2011). In Western cultures, as one can see on the television, the tattoo culture is greatly dominant, since numerous Hollywood actors like Eva Longoria, Megan Fox, and Ben Affleck, among others, are seen showing off their tattoos on their lower backs, necks, ankles and various other body parts. In addition to this, the tattoo culture is on the rise and has truly become a rage as icons such as Avril Lavigne and David Beckham choose to display their individuality through a ti ny tattoo on the wrist, or through large ones on the back and arms (Mifflin, 1997). As these celebrities are looked up to by huge fan followings, which instantly mimic their favorite idols, the tattooed populace in the world has increased greatly. As published by the Daily News in Los Angeles, â€Å"Credible statistics on the number of people with tattoos are actually tough to find. But in 2006, the Pew Research Center stated that 36 percent of Americans ages 18-25, 40 percent of those 26-40 and 10 percent of people 41-64 have tattoos† (Auerbach, 2011). It is safe to say that the numbers have only been on the rise ever since. Methods Recently, tattooing has also become increasingly popular for being instrumental as a method of plastic surgery for areola reconstruction (Aston, 2009). The most common tool used for tattooing is an electrically powered tattoo machine that uses a needle or group of needles to drill ineradicable ink onto the skin in order to decorate the body perma nently with a tattoo. After this painful procedure is undertaken, the tattoo becomes a part of a person’s attire as well as his/her personality, and is shown off as a style statement, or a symbol of something one believes in, or, as in the case of some Indian actresses like Deepika Padukone, even a symbol of love for one’s partner. This convenient method of tattooing with a drill-like machine, however, has been discovered only recently. Since tattooing had started a long way back, when technology was not as advanced, various other methods were under utilization to make color penetrate into the skin. In some tribal cultures, designs are cut into the skin and ink rubbing cause color. In others,

Democracy and the Current Situation of Latin America Research Paper

Democracy and the Current Situation of Latin America - Research Paper Example These definitions are just two among the many but are representations of its broadest sense. Though no matter the word â€Å"democracy† is defined, it has no universal established definition. Different democratic countries all over the world have their own democracies in varying degrees. Despite the differences based on specific experiences of each nation, democracy is seen to be distinguished by mainly two characteristics. First is the equality among its people while the other is the freedom to what it is to be fully human. A very informative case of all the other aspect of democracy can be seen through Latin America with a special focus on countries namely Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, and Mexico. These countries meet the conditions of a democratic regime. However, continental regions of Latin America are confronting serious dilemmas brought by their current democracy which is lacking in quality. Berkman and Cavallo’s (2006) research has found out that democracy is one of the top 10 that challenges the regions of Latin America. ...  Given the lack of effective political leaders that should govern and impose what it means to be democratic, the people of Latin America suffer from wide range problems, may it be individual or social. For the reason that Latin American nations have ineffective democratic governments, democracy comes closer to its negation. Instead of equality, it is inequality which shapes the said regions. Despite the unceasing conscious efforts of strengthening the political rights of the people, Latin America is extremely suffering from inequality as well as extreme poverty. The distinction between the rich and the poor becomes now clearly evident. This difference is even reinforced by different factors. Due to poverty, starvation is witnessed from the different regions. These regions lack the access and resources to the basic necessities. Not all are fortunate to have the right to education for it has been now a privilege amo ng those who can afford to get themselves educated. With the lack of education comes along the hindrance to employment. All these further lead to increase of poverty level which then, contributes more to all the other problems faced by the Latin Americans. Since all these are related and connected like a spider web, less and less are having the lives they should have as promised by the democratic system. Each day is getting worse and worse for the failure of the State of functioning properly to its people. Freedom is no longer attainable. Freedom to what it is to be fully human is now only for those who have all the means and all the capital. People feel suppressed with all the absence of their rights.

Estern foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Estern foods - Essay Example These challenges would be analyzed as follows: a) HRM: the firm’s workforce needs to be appropriately trained in order to be able to meet the standards set by the firm’s strategic managers. Reference is made in particular to the quality of food prepared but also to the quality of customer services. In the context of HRM another issue should be addressed: employees may be asked to work overtime and in different positions, especially during high peak seasons. Employees need to be ready to meet the challenges set by changes in the workplace so that their performance is kept at high levels. At this point, HR managers would have to face the following challenge: they should use effective criteria when allocating job positions, ensuring that each employee is assigned tasks to which he can respond. Additional or different duties could be assigned to employees gradually so that they have time to be adapted to the needs of other roles according to the organizational needs. In add ition, equality and fairness in compensation would be of critical importance for securing high employee motivation; b) Accounting: the firm needs the support of an accounting consultant; emphasizing on accounting standards and principles will help the organization to control its costs and income more effectively so that its performance is kept high; c) Marketing: the firm has to employ a marketing plan that will be aligned with the local culture and market trends; traditional marketing techniques would be combined with advanced marketing strategies, such as the social media; d) Operations Management: the cooperation between various organizational departments should be carefully organized; daily operations should be set in hierarchical order ensuring that all business activities are monitored and checked as of their alignment with business standards and ethics. Particular emphasis should be given on innovation and creativity, as factors that could enhance the firm’s competitiv eness in its industry. 2. HRM issues in Eastern Foods Business environment incorporates a high range of elements, including ‘economic, socio-cultural and administrative factors’ (Goyal and Goyal 2007, p.6). Organizing and distributing tasks are critical duties of managers in modern organizations so that conditions in internal organizational environment, where the firm’s HR are incorporated, are effectively controlled. In fact, it has been proved that the ability of HR managers to assign tasks aligned with the skills/ background of employees can help to avoid conflicts across organization and to keep employee performance high (Goyal and Goyal 2007). On the other hand, in the food industry competition is high. Customers’ expectations tend to be continuously increased a fact that creates pressures for changes in the firm’s practices (Simms 2005). Employees need to be willing to support organizational changes otherwise the relevant plans will fail. Empl oyees have a key role in another factor affecting organizational performance: innovation. Promoting innovation is a necessary prerequisite for firms that aim to keep their performance at high levels (Limberg 2008). In the food industry also, a similar issue appears. However, innovation and creativity cannot be enhanced within a particular organization unless they are adequately supported by employees; reference is made not only to

Project Management Capstone - Problem Identification Assignment - 1

Project Management Capstone - Problem Identification - Assignment Example It has also been identified that for an organization to run efficiently, management should take the responsibility of ensuring that all the necessary factors of effective project management are put into consideration. Thereafter, develops a proper plan to mitigate chances downfalls within the business. However, one of the major problems that automobile companies face is the inability to influence broader market margins. Therefore, this paper unravels problems affection project implementation in an organization and various measures to mitigate such occurrences. Similar to any other project management, project scope addresses initiatives at all levels of project management and the implementation strategies agreed at the initial stages of project development. Based on the human resource problem, several scholars have clarified that poor human resource management would directly affect capital market. For instance, training of newly recruited employees is a large problem to most of the businesses compared to competitors who prosper by retaining their employees. No company would ever love to incur expenses in training employees only to lose them. Besides, constant shifting of employees reduces outcome and competitive development of business. Wagner & Bode (2009), illustrates that the use computerized services and internet facilities within an organization are vital to changes in various ways thus relating organizational skills towards the contribution of adequate returns to the company. It has also been clarified that companies that use technol ogy often has customized response to any slightest change in liaison to consumers demand by producing goods and services through controlled production process Wagner & Bode (2009). Moreover, it may affect some sections of the organization especially members of the staffs who feel that they are ill targeted by the change process. The main purpose of a

The Impact of Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Teenage Pregnancy Essay The reality TV series 16 and pregnant and Teen Mom are two great examples showing the everyday struggles of teenage pregnancy and a day in the life of a teenage mother. By no means do these two shows glorify teen pregnancy. Teens seem to think that they are inevitable and nothing will happen to them. All it takes is one time to have sexual intercourse to become pregnant. While being wrapped up in the excitement, lust, adrenaline, rush and at times even under the influence these young teens do not seem to think about the outcome that may occur from making the decision to partake in intercourse. The Big Brother sister Program has proved to steer children in the right direction, have a positive impact on these children and encourage these kids to be all they can be. The Big Sister program should address the issue of teen pregnancy by providing sexual education, guidance, free contraception and a respected role model to young females. Providing these teens with sexual education concerning the impact of teenage pregnancy regarding the wellbeing of a teen mother and child, loss of education, and the lack of parenting skills will influence young teens to make better decisions and teen pregnancy will decrease in our community. Teenage pregnancy may seriously impact the wellbeing of their child as well as themselves by not seeking proper medical care which may cause high blood pressure, anemia, toxemia, and Placenta Previa (Bodeeb 2011). Many teens do not even realize they are pregnant until about three or four months, Due to the fact that teens are unaware of the physical and internal changes the body makes to prepare a home in the womb for the baby. It is important for a mother to seek medical attention as soon as possible to make sure of a healthy pregnancy. The early stages of pregnancy are the most important. A mother needs to be aware of the pregnancy for such reasons as: taking prenatal vitamins, smoking cigarettes, drinking or any prescription taking while being pregnant (Bodeeb 2011). Those acts may cause serious long term birth defects and medical complications for the baby. Certain tests need to be performed while in the first few months of a pregnancy as well to make sure there are not any complications. At four months the Down syndrome test is performed on the child while in the womb. That is an issue that any mother would like to know about their unborn child so proper decisions can be made and the mother can find out where to go from then. Un Expecting bleeding may occur and a young mother may seem to think it is an abnormal period, but really it may be a miscarriage and if proper procedures aren’t taken it can result to the loss of the mother. A proper DNC must be performed. Teen pregnancy will be a challenge due to the fact that teens are not provided the skills that are needed to handle a pregnancy and mother hood. This may very well affect the wellbeing of the mother and the child. It is necessary for a teen mother to portray skills for pregnancy. Patience, maturity, and the ability to handle stress is a part of pregnancy. Pregnant teens are at more of a higher risk of postpartum depression syndrome, which starts after delivering the baby. According to CDC, girls who feel down and sad, either while pregnant or after birth should talk openly to someone they trust. Depression can absolutely interfere with taking care of a newborn (â€Å"Teen Pregnancy: Medical Risks and Realities†, 2005-2012). Postpartum depression affects many mothers life while trying to care for their child. This depression makes it hard for a mother to have the want or need to take care of their baby, cry consistently, and may cause the mother to shut herself out away from the rest of the world(†Teen Pregnancy :Medical Risks and Realities†, 2005-2012). Teens are at higher risk of this depression because they are less experienced, scared, the lack of social life and simply because they just do not know how to handle a helpless child depending on the young mother. Teens most of the time lack these skills to obtain a successful pregnancy. Bodeeb also states that according to The U. S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that babies born to teen mothers may have weaker intellectual development and may have on going medical complications. Babies born to teen mothers may have medical complications such as: The growth of the child, which is called premature birth. The earlier a baby is born the more risk there is of respiratory, digestive, vision, cognitive, and other problems (â€Å"Teen Pregnancy: Medical Risks and Realities†, 2005-2012). It is not easy attending high school while expecting a child, especially having to deal with being judged by classmates. Regardless if any teen mother is affected by the comments or snickering being made by the other students, it does not help the situation or make it any easier. These acts that occur all the time in school may cause the young mother to no longer want to attend school . Finding a sitter for the child is a burden because not all parents of a young mother are supportive of the situation. In some cases a young girl getting pregnant while still living at home and attending school may result in her getting thrown out of her home , which makes it even more complicated to attend classes. After having a child the mother is usually given six weeks for recovery and to spend time with the mother. The time missed by the student may result to failure of classes or getting behind. This is when most teens decide to not come back to school because they figure it is more of a hassle and simply do not know what to do. There are some high schools that have day cares located inside the school, but not all. It is a struggle for teens to put their child in day care, especially if they cannot find a job that will work around the school schedule and spending time with the baby. The government does provide assistance in child care but they do not pay for the whole thing. It was recently reported by CBS 2 News that Chicago’s South Side Paul Robenson High School has 115 girls who are pregnant out of 800 girls who attend the school (Roush, 2009). According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statistics, teen pregnancy is not just local problem and birth rates have been rising during the past few years after more than a decade of decline (Roush, 2009). Soo Ji Min, executive director of the Illinois Caucus for adolescent Health, an organization that advocates for policies to promote sexual health and education among teens said that; the No child Left- behind is the culprit for eliminating sexual education in school. She claimed the lack of information in the schools led to the increase in teen pregnancies (Roush, 2009). If schools are teaching about abstinence and not giving teens the knowledge they need to know about sex and protection, these children are not receiving any information to protect themselves. To continue to discuss the importance of the statistics of pregnancy among teen girls and the impact on their education, less than half of young women who have had a child as a teenager go on to finish high school or let alone go on to pursue studies in college (Roush, 2009). It is becoming harder for anyone to find a job without a college education or nevertheless the bare minimum of a GED or diploma. Bill albert ,a chief Program officer of the National Campaign founded in 1996 to help women stated that; a teenage girl has a three in ten chance of becoming pregnant before turning 20 (Roush , 2009). Without saying adolescent mothers are bad mothers it is safe to say that young mothers lack the ability for proper parenting skills that will play a role in the impact of teen pregnancy on young mothers. The earlier stages of parenting behavior tend to occur from the risk process of stress. Diversion of attention away from socialization, urgent goals of providing shelter and substance, lack of social support, and lack of opportunities to enhance parenting skills all may contribute to the preventing difficulties faced by young mothers living in disadvantaged circumstances. Again these examples provided may be symptoms of postpartum depression syndrome. Teen mothers may simply face a barrier providing for their child and get discouraged in the process and tend to lead to the lack of judgment in providing for the child (Socio Economic Disadvantages and child Development pp185-204). Child parenting skills may consist of aggressive behavior from the child. If a child is acting out, simply unruly, often angry, gets in trouble in school, or defies the parents, these may be signs of aggressive behavior. Aggressive behavior from the child is more likely to occur due to a teen having a child at such a young age (Socio Economic Disadvantages and Child Development pp185-204). A teen mothers harsh discipline strategies may also play a role in aggressive behavior from the child. It is hard for a child to discipline a child in the correct manner. In many cases young mothers tend to get overwhelmed and accidently hurt or abuse the child because they get frustrated. Just like their mothers the child of a teen is more likely to experience abuse and neglect and become pregnant as a teen as well (Cheour, 2011). In high school prom was a big deal, but if being pregnant during the occasion it may take away the memories and the pleasure of enjoying the high school experience. Time is limited with friends and sports are completely out of the option while being pregnant. Not only does a child need to remain a child with less stress as possible, there is no need for a young girl to carry the burden of having to take care of a helpless child when some of these teens can barely take care of themselves. The impact of teen pregnancy on young mothers is a more serious issue than some may seem to realize. The concern is of course in regards to a young adult having the proper education provided to decrease teen pregnancy, even if the issue may not be eliminated altogether. The children are our future and by bringing forth the Big sister program filled with volunteers that are willing to guide, assist in young teens making the right decisions, and simply just making a fun positive way of learning about safe sex the numbers of these pregnant girls in school have a chance to decrease. If this program only changes one young woman’s perspective and makes her realize the outcome that may occur from bringing a beautiful life into this world the goal will be accomplished.

Nfc Awards In Pakistan Economics Essay

Nfc Awards In Pakistan Economics Essay Pakistan is a federation consisting of four provinces, federally administered tribal areas, northern areas and Islamabad Capital Territory. Pakistan is a federation but its government is highly centralized, so majority of the revenues are collected at the center and then re-distributed vertically between federal and provincial governments, and horizontally among provinces through National finance Commission (NFC) awards. Then the provinces further re-distribute the resources to local governments through a revenue-sharing formula framed by Provincial Finance Commission (PFC). The criteria of revenue sharing has always been a bone of contention between the federation and the provinces. This is mainly because the federal government keeps a larger part of the revenues to themselves while provinces are left with fewer resources to carry on their development activities, thats why they face budget deficits very frequently. Moreover, there is a little autonomy and capacity for provinces to c ollect taxes on their own, so mainly they have to rely on the revenues relocated to them by the Federal government through NFC awards. The share provinces get from the Federal government is not sufficient to carry on the development projects, which is the reason they get into budget deficits very frequently. For proper service and delivery there is need of a higher share for provinces in NFC awards. Systematic Resources transfers among governments occurs at 4 levels. Firstly, from federal governments to provincial governments through National Finance Commission (NFC). Secondly, from provincial governments to local governments through Provincial Finance Commission (PFC). Thirdly, from federal to local, and lastly from local to local. In this report, I will focus mainly on systematic resource transfers from Federal to Provincial governments through National Finance Commission awards. National Finance Commission is constituted under Article 160(1) of the 1973 constitution for the smooth and thoughtful revenue transfers between Federal and Provincial governments. Constitutionally, it is to be held every 5 years by the President of Pakistan to review the resource sharing mechanism for the equitable fiscal transfers between Central and Provincial governments. Certain taxes collected from provinces are added in the distribution pool and then re-distributed to provinces according to the revenue sharing formula. NFC decides what percentage of the total revenues will be retained by the Federal government and what share will go to the provinces. What taxes to include in the distribution pool has always been a question of debate. The chairman of the commission is the Federal Finance Minister, and its members include all provincial finance ministers and experts to be nominated by the president of Pakistan in consultation with the provincial governors. The main charter of NFC is concerned with the following matters. Distribution of specified taxes and duties between the federation and the provinces. Payment of financial grants to provincial governments. Borrowing power exercised by the Federal and Provincial governments. Any other financial matter referred to the commission. As per law, NFC was supposed to be constituted for smooth and equitable revenue transfers between the Federal government and provinces. But in reality, it faced difficulties which hindered its development. Only 7 NFC awards have been given up till now, of which 3 were conclusive. The rest 4 remained inconclusive because federal government and provinces couldnt reach an agreement on the distribution criteria of revenues, therefore an interim award was awarded by the President in this situation. This paper will evaluate all the NFC awards in the history of Pakistan. Its related issues will be highlighted and improvements in the resource transfer mechanism will be recommended. 2. THE EVOLUTION OF NFC AWARDS 2.1 PRE-INDEPENDENCE REVENUE SHARING (NIEMEYER AWARD) Before independence of Pakistan, Niemeyer Award was followed in British India for the distribution of revenues between the Federal government and provinces, under the Government of India Act, 1935. All the financial matters between Federal and provincial governments were ruled by this act. Under this award, sales tax was a provincial subject, and 50 percent of the income tax collections were subjected to be redistribute. Even after the independence, Niemeyer award was followed till March 1952 with some adjustment in railway budget, sharing of income and sales tax. 2.2 POST-INDEPENDENCE REVENUE SHARING (RAISMAN AWARD) After the independence of Pakistan, Sir Jeremy Raisman was asked to devise a revenue sharing mechanism for allocation of revenues between federal and provincial governments. Thus he formed a revenue sharing formula called Raisman award in 1952. Considering the poor financial condition of the newly born state, a 50 percent share of sales tax was given to the federal government. Out of incomes of 50 percent income tax, 45 percent was given to East Pakistan, while the rest of the portion was given to the West Pakistan. 2.3 REVENUE SHARING UNDER ONE UNIT During 1955, Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were professed as one unit- The West Pakistan. East Pakistan and West Pakistan were declared as the two separate units. The two awards, of 1961 and 1964, distributed the revenue between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. 2.3.1 The 1961 Award In this award, the share of East Pakistan from divisible pool was decided to be 64 percent, while that of West Pakistan was 46 percent. 30 percent of the sales tax was relocated to provinces on the basis of their respective collection. While the remaining duties on agricultural land and capital value tax on immovable property were given to the units as per their collection. 2.3.2 The 1964 Award Under this award, the divisible pool consisted of sales tax, income tax, export duty and excise duty. 30 percent of the sales tax were relocated to each province according to its collection. The share of center and provinces from the divisible pool was decided to be 35 percent and 65 percent respectively. While the share of East Pakistan and West Pakistan remained the same as in previous award i.e. 64 percent and 46 percent respectively. 2.3.3 National Finance Committee 1970 A committee was formed instead of a commission in April 1970 to devise a formula for revenue sharing between federation and the federating units. The divisible pool remained unchanged, though the federal and provincial governments share in the divisible pool was declared as 20:80 respectively. 54 percent of the provincial share was given to East Pakistan, while the rest 46 percent went to West Pakistan. The distribution among the provinces of West Pakistan was: Punjab 56.5 percent, Sindh 23.5 percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 15.5 percent, and Baluchistan 4.5 percent. After the separation of East Pakistan, their revenue share was transferred to the provinces of West Pakistan. The revenue proportion remained the same, but the size of the pie was changed. NATIONAL FINANCE COMMISSION 1973 The 1973 constitution made mandatory for the government of Pakistan to make a National Finance Commission every 5 years for fair revenue distribution between Federal government and the provinces. From that point of time, West Pakistan started its journey after the separation of East Pakistan. From 1974 onwards, all the awards have been given under the National finance Commission. In reality, NFC has not been constituted every 5 years, contrary to what the law demanded. Lets briefly go through the various NFC awards in the history. First NFC Award 1974 After an increase in the number and amount of taxes between 1951 and 1970, there was a contraction in both in 1974, reducing the size of the divisible pool. The divisible pool only included income tax, sales tax, and export duty. The distribution ratio between federal government and provinces remained the same as 20:80 respectively. The criteria for horizontal distribution among provinces was decided to be population. Punjab, being the biggest in population, was advantaged. Its share was increased from 56.50 percent to 60.25 percent. While the other three provinces suffered, Sindh suffering the most. The resource distribution among provinces is presented in the table below. Table 1 1974 NFC Award-Provincial share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 60.25% 22.50% 13.39% 3.86% To combat the weak fiscal position of the provinces, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were granted aid of Rs.50 million and Rs.100 million respectively. Second NFC Award 1979 The second NFC was constituted by the President general Zia-ul-Haq in 1979. But it held no meetings, consequently no award was given. Therefore, the award of 1974 was followed as an interim award. After census was held in 1981, the population ratios changed and so did the provincial share in NFC awards. The provincial share was adjusted according to the new census, which led some improved conditions in Baluchistan and Sindh, whereas the share of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa remained unchanged. The new provincial resource distribution according to the changed population is illustrated in the given table. Table 2 1979 NFC Award- Provincial Share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 57.97% 23.34% 13.39% 5.30% Third NFC Award 1985 The third NFC was also constituted in Zia-ul-Haq regime in 1985. It held nine meetings in 3 years but failed to produce any fruitful results, mainly due to political instability. So the award of 1974 was followed till 1990. Fourth NFC Award 1991 After a long time, NFC became successful in giving recommendation in 1991. NFC is supposed to announce an award every 5 years, but there was a gap of 17 years between the previous award of 1974 and the 1991 award. This award came with some improvements and expansion in the divisible pool. Central excise on tea, tobacco, and betel nut was added in the divisible pool. So the divisible pool consisted of income tax, sales tax, export duty, and excise duty. However, custom duty still remained with Federal government. Federal government also took the responsibility of financing the provinces in case of deficits. The Federal and provincial share remained to be at 20 percent and 80 percent respectively. It can be said that the 1991 award was so far the best deal for provinces. But this award could not make any development regarding the diversification in the revenue sharing mechanism. The sole criteria for revenue sharing among provinces remained to be population. Disagreements among provinc es hindered the development in the resource sharing criteria. However, if we look at the positive side, this award considerably expanded the volume of provincial share in the revenues collected by the Federal government by around 18 percent as compared to 1974 award. This was mainly due to the addition of excise duty on certain items in the divisible pool. The 1991 award was a step forward to fiscal decentralization and provincial autonomy in the country. The 1973 constitution acknowledged the right of provinces to get royalty on natural resources on the basis of collection by each province. Royalty on gas and crude oil, development surcharge on gas, and profits from hydro-electricity were relocated to provinces in the form of straight transfers. As a result, the transfers to provinces increased from 28 percent (Rs. 39 billions) to 45 percent (Rs. 64 billion) of federal tax revenue. The share of each province under this award is given in the table below. Table 3 1991 NFC Award-Provincial Share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 57.88% 23.28% 13.54% 5.30% Provincial share didnt have any changes because population was still the sole criteria for revenue distribution and no census was held since 1981. However, the volume of provincial share increased due to the inclusion of new taxes in the divisible pool. In addition to this, special grants were also provided to provinces to meet their developmental needs. The amount of these grants is illustrated in table 4. Table 4 1991 NFC Award-Provincial Grants Amount/Years Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan Amount 1000 700 200 100 Next Years 3 5 3 3 (Rs.in million) However there was an increase in the flow of funds to the Provincial governments, provinces were advised to generate their own funds, but the autonomy and funds generating capacity were not sufficient as needed. Fifth NFC Award 1996 The 5th NFC award was announced in late 1996 by the care-taker government of that time. This award included all the federal taxes in the divisible pool. Which comprise: income tax, sales tax, capital value tax, wealth tax, excise duties (except the excise duty on gas charged at wellhead) and any other tax collected by federal government. Royalty on crude oil and development surcharge on gas were also relocated to provinces in the form of straight transfers. The incentive of matching grants was also given to the provinces but up to a certain limit; only if provinces exceeded their revenue target of 14.2 percent they would get matching grants. However, numerous objections have been made by the members of parliament elected to the provincial and federal governments following the 1997 general elections. With the expansion of federal divisible pool, the federal-provincial ratio in this award changed radically. Earlier it was 20 percent for federal government and 80 percent for provinces. In this award, the ratios were changed to 62.5 percent for federal government and 37.5 percent for provinces. One reason for decreasing the provincial share in the divisible pool is the overestimation of GDP growth rate. During the period when this award was being exercised, the country faced internal and external upsets which negatively affected the economy. Some say that provinces would be in a better financial situation if previous award of 1991 award was continued to follow that time. The sole criteria for resource distribution continued to be population. No development was made in this area. Considering the miserable situation of Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, special grants of 4 and 3.3 and billions rupees were awarded to them respectively for the next 5 years. Sixth NFC Award 2000 The 6th NFC was constituted in year 2000 by the President General Pervez Musharraf. It held 11 meetings but could reach to any conclusions due to disagreements among the members of NFC. Provinces were demanding a share up to 50 percent, as well as diversification in the resource distribution criteria. Another NFC was constituted on 21st July, 2005 during President Musharrafs regime. But it too, like the previous NFC, stuck in a deadlock among its members and failed to give any recommendations due to the conflicting demands of its members. After an unsuccessful attempt to generate consensus on the resource distribution mechanism, all the provincial Chief Ministers asked the President to give a fair and justified award which would be acceptable to all stakeholders. So General Musharraf amended the Distribution of Revenues and Grants-in-Aid Order, 1997 by issuing Ordinance No. 1 of 2006. Thus after a deferral of 6 years, the 1997 award was amended and came into force on 1st July, 2006. Under this award, due to the constant demand from provinces, the provincial share from the divisible pool increase to 45 percent (share in total divisible pool + grants), with gradual increase of 1 percent every year up till the next 5 years. All the taxes of 1996 award were included in the divisible pool. The grants to provinces were increased from Rs.8.7 billion to Rs.27.75 billion. Punjab and Sindh, which didnt receive any grant in the 1997 award, were also given grants of Rs.3.05 billion and Rs.5.83 billion respectively. Seventh NFC Award 2010 The most recent NFC award of 2010 was given in the present democratic government. 2010 NFC award is a milestone in the history of Pakistan, which has bring improvements and variation in the resource distribution criteria. The demands of Sindh, Baluchistan and KPK have been recognized. The most prominent and distinguishing feature of this award is that it has followed a multi-dimensional revenue distribution criteria. In addition to population, other parameters have also been included, such as poverty, underdevelopment, and inverse population density criteria, as demanded by Sindh, KPK and Baluchistan. Baluchistan being the largest in area and scattered in population, demanded the criteria of inverse population density to include in the revenue sharing formula. While Punjab wanted population to remain the only criteria because it is in the provinces advantage. Since 1973 constitution, it is for the first time that resources are not distributed among provinces according to the old popu lation standards, but an advancement has been made in the resource sharing criteria. The formulation of multiple criteria for resource distribution is a commendable step and a way further to fiscal autonomy of provinces. It has been measured as a success of democratic system and provincial partners. Economists have measured it groundwork for Fiscal Federalism in Pakistan. No disputes came in the way of approval of 7th NFC award. It is marked by sacrifices and compromises by all the stakeholders for the sake of national unity and development. The big provinces exhibited flexibility in their approach to accommodate the demands of smaller and backward provinces. The center has sacrificed more than 10 percent of its share for provinces i.e. about Rs.225 billion more were granted to provinces during FY 2011-12 budget [Pakistan Economic Survey (2011)]. All the stakeholders have decided to cut the cost of revenue collection to 1 percent (previously it was 5 percent) to increase the flow of real transfers to provinces. Resultantly, the provincial share from the divisible poo l increased from 47.5 percent to 56 percent in the first year and 57.5 percent for all the remaining years of the award. This award is also significant in a way that all the provinces and center have shown a considerate behavior towards the most backward province Baluchistan. Acknowledging its special development needs, all the stakeholders have agreed to provided Baluchistan Rs.83 billion (9.09 percent) of the provincial pool in the first year of the Award. Punjab has given up 1.27 percent, Sindh 0.39 percent, and KPK 0.26 percent of its share. Whereas Baluchistan has gained 1.82 percent. The federal government has given up more than 10 percent of its share for provinces, which has increased the flow of revenues to provinces. The number one beneficiary of this award is Baluchistan with an additional budget of 175 percent. While KPK, the second most benefitted, received 79 percent, Sindh 61 percent, and Punjab 48 percent additional budget. The resource distribution among provinces is illustrated in table 5. Table 5 NFC Award 2010- Resource Distribution Province % Share in Divisible Pool under 7th NFC % Change in Share Additional Budget % Punjab 51.74 1.27 48 Sindh 24.55 0.39 61 KPK 14.62 0.26 79 Baluchistan 9.09 +1.82 175 Source: Pakistan Economic Review (2010) If we talk about the distribution parameters, 82 percent weightage has been allocated to population, 10.3 percent to poverty, 5 percent to revenue generation/collection, and 2.7 percent to inverse population density. Table 6 illustrates the different parameters and its weightage against each province. Table 6 NFC Award 2010-Revenue Sharing Formula (in percentage) Parameters Weight Punjab Sindh KPK Baluchistan Population 82 57.36 23.71 5.11 13.82 Poverty/backwardness 10.30 23.16 23.41 25.61 27.82 Revenue Collection 5 44.0 50 1.0 5 Inverse Population 2.7 4.34 7.21 81.92 6.54 One of the greatest achievements regarding this award is that it has aimed to reduce disparities among the provinces. This award benefits the two relatively more backward provinces, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan, as compared to Sindh and Punjab. Before this award, provinces were getting Rs.550 billion. But in the first year of enforcement of this award provinces got more than Rs.850 billion, and in the next 5 years this amount will increase up to 1250 billion. The greatest achievement of this award is the reduction in inequalities regarding revenue collection in Sindh and Punjab, gas development surcharge from Baluchistan, and hydel profits from KPK. Considering the role of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa in war against terrorism, it has been provided a share of 1 percent from the divisible pool. 4. DEVELOPMENT OF NFC AWARDS OVER TIME Financial resources play the fundamental role in the development of any country. A well thought-out resource distribution is necessary for the development of backward areas so they can be at par with the national growth and progress. The current state of revenue distribution in Pakistan has evolved over time. Various improvements and advancements have been made in the revenue sharing formula since the formation of National Finance Commission. In this section I will analyze the impact of various NFC awards on the fiscal decentralization of the country. In Pakistan fiscal federalism has always been an issue which has never received a serious approach. Out of Seven NFC awards, only four have come up with additional parameters of revenue sharing between the federation and its units. Federal government has taken a less systematic approach to decentralize fiscal powers and functions and made the provinces depend on the center. This has negatively affected the performance and efficiency of provinces to work effectively. In a federation, the basic functions of Central government are maintaining law and order, defense matters, making a sound foreign policy, communications, currency management, general administration, debt servicing, industrial development, and work on public welfare including health and education. The rest of the matters fall within the sphere of Provincial and local governments. But not much effort has been put by our politicians to devolve powers and functions to lower tiers of government. With the passage of time, federal government has over-stretched itself into such matters which are of purely provincial nature, like irrigation, construction of roads, agricultural development, culture and tourism, youth affairs, and rural development. This has increased financial and administrative burden on the center. Federal government has taken too much responsibilities on its shoulders which certainly require more finance. If government is aiming toward devolution of power from center to provincial and local level, these tiers of government must be empowered and enabled to generate their own finance. Federal government generates 93 percent of the resources, while its share in the total expenditure makes up only 72 percent. On the other side, the total expenditure of provinces is 28 percent, and they generate merely 7 percent of the resources. It results in heavy dependency on the center. The argument behind the higher collection by the federation is based on the achievement of equity, efficiency, economy, and the federal governments ability to levy and collect [Kardar (2006)]. As most of the resources are already used up by the Federal government, provinces are left with less opportunities to generate their own resources. Resultantly, provinces have to rely heavily on the resources transferred to them by the center. If we closely look at the historical trend, we can easily understand that the journey of fiscal federalism In Pakistan has always been uneven. Fiscal federalism has always been a dilemma. It is interesting to note that out of seven NFC awards given after 1973 constitution, only few came up with additional parameters to share the revenues with the provinces. Only 3 out of 7 NFC awards were conclusive, the remaining 4 were inconclusive due to disagreements among the members of the commission. Historically, the problem of revenue distribution has never been taken seriously by our politicians and it always faced difficulty because consensus of all the parties involved is must for a new NFC award to be enforced. The resource distribution mechanism/criteria has always been a bone of contention among the provinces. Population, being the sole distribution criteria in all NFC awards (except the recent one) has always been a matter of friction among provinces. This shows a lack of coordination in our policy making. Sindh, Baluchistan and KPK have always demanded the diversification in revenue sharing formula with the inclusion of other factors with population, like poverty, backwardness and revenue generation capacity. Whereas Punjab has stressed over population to remain the sole criteria for revenue distribution because Punjab, being the most populated province, has always got the larger piece of pie in NFC awards. It is interesting to note that Pakistan is the only country in the world which follows one-dimensional formula for revenue distribution. Otherwise everywhere in the world various dimensions are used in view of the needs and economic conditions of the provinces. Due to inflexibility in the resource distribution formula, disparities among the economic conditions of people could not be reduced and diversified needs of provinces could not be catered as it should have been. In the above section, we have discussed each NFC award in detail, its pros and cons, and the percent allocation to provinces under each award. There are substantial disparities in the living standards amongst provinces, and also among the rural-urban areas of each province. Although the removal of discrepancies between urban and rural areas is the responsibility of Provincial Finance Commission, but without provision of adequate amount of resources/funds by the center, provinces will not be able to work on development and reducing inequalities at local level. If we compare the real per capita GDP of all the provinces, we find out that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been facing highest inconsistency among rural and urban income, next to Sindh and Punjab. While the gap between rural and urban income in Baluchistan is lesser, the reason is lack of development in its urban areas. Its urban areas are less developed as compared to that of other provinces, because of lesser economic opportunities i n cities. If we look at the historical trends, the first NFC award of 1947 had fewer taxes in the revenue pool. But in 1991 award, some improvements were seen in the revenue distribution. More taxes were made part of distribution pool. In addition, the right of provinces to get royalty on natural resources was given to them on the basis of collection by each province. The divisible pool was further expanded in 1996 award by the inclusion of all the federal taxes. 1996 award moved a step forward towards fiscal decentralization. It also introduced the incentive of matching grants to provinces. But if we look at the grey areas of this award, the expansion of distribution pool resulted in the contraction of provincial share. The federal-provincial share in the pool changed drastically from 20:80 to 62.5:37.5 percent respectively. So practically, no significant developments were observed in actual revenue transfers to provinces. Consequently, provinces fell short of funds and trapped in budget defi cits. Considering the miserable situation of Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, special grants of 4 and 3.3 and billions rupees were awarded to them respectively for the next 5 years. Due to the constant pressure and demands from the provinces, government increased their share in the revenue pool to 45 percent in 2006 interim award. Just the provincial share was increased, no innovation was made in the resource sharing mechanism and it was still at its old population standards. Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtun Khwa were demanding revenue distribution on the basis of poverty. The poverty ratio in Baluchistan is 37 percent and that of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 44 percent. However, no diversification was made in the distribution criteria. One of the main reason which hindered the development of NFC awards is the conflicting demands of provinces over the resource sharing mechanism. The criteria of revenue dispersal between the center and provinces has always been a matter of conflict between these two tiers of government. Four out of seven NFC awards remained unproductive and unsettled amid this hostility. The complaints of the provinces were heard when the central government agreed to give provinces 40 percent share in the divisible pool with addition of 1 percent every year till the next 5 years. But there is an argument from Federal governments point of view that whenever the share of provinces has increased it gave rise to non-development expenditure which is unproductive. The reason is provincial governments don not have specific development programs in place as well as capacity to raise the living standards of people. The poverty ratio in Baluchistan is 37 percent and that of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 44 percent, but provincial governments failed to formulate an appropriate strategy to reduce these disparities. This relates to the issue of political economy and public choice. Our electoral system can bring about such a state in which the federal government can be taken over by the larger province due to its majority seats in the National Assembly. Although, in Senate all provinces have equal representation but Senate has power only to discuss on the policy matters, but the decision making right resides with the National Assembly. So it is the National Assembly who has the constitutional supremacy to devise a reasonable resource sharing formula. Furthermore, the federal government does not want to give up its powers to provinces and let them grow autonomously as it will reduce their control on policy matters. This could be seen as since independence, 10 awards have been recommended for justified resource sharing between the center and provinces, but out of them only 3 (1974, 1991, and 2010) initiated by elected governments. The most significant development of the year 2010 was 7th NFC award which brought about some innovation in the revenue sharing criteria. After the independence of Pakistan, It was for the first time that a diversification was brought in the revenue sharing mechanism and some other factors were taken into account with population, like backwardness/ poverty, area and revenue collection. The long-ignored demands of provinces were accepted. With