Acceptance of Homosexuality free essay sample

This paper is a discussion of societys attitudes to homosexuality. This paper discusses the ideas of community acceptance of homosexuality. The author examines societys attitude to homosexuality by referring to four personal interviews which are personal accounts of criticisms of homosexuality. In our community there is common debate about homosexuality and whether it is right or wrong. There are many people who believe that homosexuality is wrong, but where we find a common problem is in the fact that these people have no business worrying about homosexuality, since it doesnt affect their life directly in any way. Accepting homosexuality in our community would help our culture expand, and promote harmony in our community.

Post War Era essays

Post War Era essays The post war era following the Second World War in American history was a time of great growth and development of American ideas, society and culture. Suburban life has been created and flourishing. American developers returning home from the war held the mentality that we conquered the threat of tyranny now lets conquer our backyards. They set out with their idealism and moved away from the cities. They tore down the tree and put planned communities and commerce and named the streets after the trees. It is hidden somewhere in the background of a Norman Rockwell painting and it is kept alive in old television shows, that which the call Americana. As well as Main St. USA is everywhere. With Roosevelts second bill of rights the economy is booming after the war and the nations proud is just as high. The GI bill passes in congress and education is notion that is available for all. This high feeling of euphoria trickles through society. With the growth in the economy and wages the standard of living increased. People set out to form communities away from the city, to be happy to be safe to pursue the American Dream. Society and social structures became transformed and reconstructed. We looked at our government as to having direct interaction and to provide for well beings. People had a rebirth, a new sense of self and pride and thought that they were deserving of rights and privileges. Soldiers returning home from war wanted a family. Wanting things to be better not just for them but for their children. This concept of provider strengthened the male role. He went to work provided a home and wages. The suburb represented this. It was an escape from the hustle and bustle where every child would have baseball diamond to play on and each wife a home with the white picket fence. These were the happier parts of suburban life. It took away the hustle and bustle of city life. It gave a place to retir...

Free Essays on Shaikh Zayed

Shaikh Zayed Al-Nahyan Shaikh Zayed rose to power in 1971. He had orginally been the ruler of Al-Ain, which is part of the Buraimi Oasis complex. When his brother the eccentric shaikh shakhbut, was deposed by family agreement, Shaikh Zayed replaced him in 1966 in ruling the state of Abu-Dhabi. However it is only in 1971 when the Union of Arab Emirates was formed that Shaikh Zayed was chosen for the post he still holds today which is, the head of state of the United Arab Emirates. He also remained the ruler of Abu Dhabi. He united seven emirates under his rule in the form of a federation. The UAE consist of 7 sovereign states: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujaira, Ras al- Khaima, Sharja and umm al-qawani. Each emirate is ruled by a prince from the royal family. Shaikh Zayed created two councils, the supreme council, where all the rulers of the Emirates are represented and the second were all the advisors to the first council are represented. He was trying through this to form a parliamentary democracy in the UAE. He is concerned with several issues. First, he is concerned with the problem of unity internally and externally. He believes in maintaining the cohesion between all Emirates. The UAE has an advantage that promotes its internal unity, because none of its individual members can aspire to complete independence, because of their minuscule size of population. Federation is therefore necessary. Shaikh Zayed presides over all issues concerning the UAE. Moreover, his prime aim is to promote and encourage peace, solidarity and unity among all Arab countries. He is known among all Arab countries to have this role. He strongly opposes the UN sanctions against Iraq. He pleaded among the gulf states and other countries like Jordan, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, to reconcile with Iraq and relieve its people from the sanctions imposed on them. Most of the states refused to deal with Iraq entirely. His strong belief in unity ... Free Essays on Shaikh Zayed Free Essays on Shaikh Zayed Shaikh Zayed Al-Nahyan Shaikh Zayed rose to power in 1971. He had orginally been the ruler of Al-Ain, which is part of the Buraimi Oasis complex. When his brother the eccentric shaikh shakhbut, was deposed by family agreement, Shaikh Zayed replaced him in 1966 in ruling the state of Abu-Dhabi. However it is only in 1971 when the Union of Arab Emirates was formed that Shaikh Zayed was chosen for the post he still holds today which is, the head of state of the United Arab Emirates. He also remained the ruler of Abu Dhabi. He united seven emirates under his rule in the form of a federation. The UAE consist of 7 sovereign states: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujaira, Ras al- Khaima, Sharja and umm al-qawani. Each emirate is ruled by a prince from the royal family. Shaikh Zayed created two councils, the supreme council, where all the rulers of the Emirates are represented and the second were all the advisors to the first council are represented. He was trying through this to form a parliamentary democracy in the UAE. He is concerned with several issues. First, he is concerned with the problem of unity internally and externally. He believes in maintaining the cohesion between all Emirates. The UAE has an advantage that promotes its internal unity, because none of its individual members can aspire to complete independence, because of their minuscule size of population. Federation is therefore necessary. Shaikh Zayed presides over all issues concerning the UAE. Moreover, his prime aim is to promote and encourage peace, solidarity and unity among all Arab countries. He is known among all Arab countries to have this role. He strongly opposes the UN sanctions against Iraq. He pleaded among the gulf states and other countries like Jordan, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, to reconcile with Iraq and relieve its people from the sanctions imposed on them. Most of the states refused to deal with Iraq entirely. His strong belief in unity ...

Definition and Examples of Codification in English

Definition and Examples of Codification in English The linguistic term codification refers to the methods by which a language is standardized. These methods include the creation and use of dictionaries, style and usage guides, traditional grammar textbooks, and the like. [S]tandardization aims to ensure fixed values for the counters in a system, wrote James and Lesley Milroy in Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English. In language, this means preventing variability in   spelling  and  pronunciation  by selecting fixed conventions uniquely regarded as correct, establishing correct meanings of words...uniquely acceptable word forms (he does  is acceptable, but  he  do  is not) and fixed conventions of  sentence structure. The term  codification  was popularized in the early 1970s by  linguist  Einar Haugen, who defined it as a process that leads to minimal variation in  form (Dialect, Language, Nation, 1972). The Evolution of English Codification is an ongoing process. The English language evolved over centuries from Old English to Middle English after the Norman Conquest in 1066 to Modern English in about the mid-15th century. For example, different word forms were dropped, such as having nouns with different genders or additional verb forms. The proper order for words in a sentence coalesced (subject-verb-object) and variations (such as verb-subject-object) pretty much disappeared. New words were added, such as 10,000 of them being incorporated from French after the conquest. Some of the duplicate words changed meanings, and some were lost altogether. These are all examples of how the language has codified. Spellings and meanings continue to change and be added to the dictionary today, of course, but the most important period of codification [in English] was probably the 18th century, which saw the publication of hundreds of dictionaries and grammars, including Samuel Johnsons monumental Dictionary of the English Language (1755) [in Great Britain] and Noah Websters The American Spelling Book (1783) in the United States (Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies, 2007). During the languages evolution, Dennis Ager wrote, in the   Language Policy in Britain and France: The Processes of Policy, three influences were...paramount: the kings English, in the form of the administrative and legal language; literary English, in the form of the language accepted as that used by great literature- and for printing and publishing; and Oxford English, or the English of education and the Church- its main provider. At no point in this process was the State openly involved.He continued, Codification also affected the spoken form of the standard language. Received pronunciation was codified through the influence of education, particularly that of the 19th-century public schools, followed from the early 20th century by cinema, radio  and  television (BBC English).  Nonetheless  it is estimated that only 3-5  per cent  of the population of Britain  speak  received pronunciation today...and hence this particular form of the language is accepted by society only in the sense that it is widely understood. Even though English is a flexible language, continually borrowing words from other languages (an estimated 350 different languages, in fact), adding words, definitions, and spellings to the dictionary, the basic grammar and pronunciation ​have remained relatively stable and codified.

The role of employee engagement in an organization, using M & S food Essay

The role of employee engagement in an organization, using M & S food store as an organization - Essay Example Only a third of employees have motivation in their work places in the United Kingdom (BergHind, 2005). Some organizations have embraced a strong sense of developing employee willingness to have a positive mental attitude towards work (Accor Services, 2009). Only twenty nine percent in the United States are enthusiastic about their work and employment. The business landscape is more unpredictable and more dynamic than ever before. However, despite challenges, most organizations have continuously supported employees to create a positive mental attitude towards work. Human resource remains a fundamental resource in any business. Companies that pride themselves in continued improvement of the intangible resources of the business entity. The intangible resources encompass the psychological factors that influence the mental preparedness and willingness of workers in an important pillar of progress in any company. The company has established itself as a true benchmark of success in the reta il industry through creating a sense of belonging among employees ( Bradley, 2007). The human resource personnel and other officials in the company engage the workforce in various developmental steps of the company. In the current dynamic and ever evolving business landscape, companies have stepped up efforts to engage employees. In the past, organizations were concentrating on staff retention plans which were ineffective in guaranteeing high performance. This is because companies were keeping millions of unwilling workers who simply turned for duty but were never interested in building the organization (Clarke & MacLeod 2009, p 168). Organizations today are engaging employees through informing employees about the organizations, creating strong communication channels where there is feedback from employees and committing the top management to proper service delivery. At the moment, several organizations have improved the extent employee engagement effort. What are the benefits of eng aged employees and how they are been rewarded in regards to their engagement to the organization. The psychological factors are key to the success of any company. Any employee who is engaged to a company will produce better results than an employee who is not motivated at work (Baldwin & Davis, 2006). This makes rewards and benefits to an employee who is engaged very necessary if any organization has to continue performing well (Clarke & MacLeod, 2009). Employees who are engaged will be handled well by the organization. Employees who have a positive attitude towards their work have less stress and are less likely to fall sick compared to those who are not engaged. Employees who are engaged derive joy and attach meaning to their work. This makes employee engagement the heart of high performance in an organization (Accor Services 2009, p 162). A strong correlation was established between employee engagement and the level of performance. The stores that were in the top quartile of enga gement achieved eight percent higher mystery shop scores than those in the bottom quartile (Marks and Spencer Group Inc, 2012, p. 56). This underscores the importance of employee engagement in the success of the company. The biggest job related concern among workers in the United Kingdom is the amount of salary employees earn. More than forty six percent of the workers consider the salary they earn as their main concern (Merrit J. E., 2012, p. 29). Engaged employees get offers from the company.

Tattoos. Cultures that Use Tattoo and Methods of Tattooing Research Paper

Tattoos. Cultures that Use Tattoo and Methods of Tattooing - Research Paper Example Although usually considered by some as a mere way of accessorizing one’s body with the typical dragon or butterfly, tattoos are regarded as an outlet of creativity and a medium of expression by those who truly understand and appreciate art. While tattoos often seem to carry negative associations as the images of gangs of tough biker boys, and their promiscuous girlfriends come to mind as you think of such body decoration, they are also considered greatly meaningful and significant by various cultures. The people of Thailand regard getting tattoos as a religious ritual and they are often used to illustrate holy symbols like tigers, temples, or verses from sacred prayers. In contrast to this, the Japanese culture used tattoos to brand criminals permanently, which worked like a public display of one’s acts. Similarly, in Germany as well, tattooing prisoners with serial numbers meant making it easier to identify them. Such usage of tattooing explains why tattoos are associa ted with gangsters and mafia men. On the other hand, however, some Germans have also redeemed the status of tattooing to that of a form of a body art by using women’s bodies as their canvases to decorate and consequently display their artistic talents. Native tribes of the Polynesian Islands over the Pacific Ocean have taken this a step further as they regard tattooing as a representation of one’s social standing, as they employ tattoos to illustrate lineage, rank in society and sexuality (Wianecki, 2011). In Western cultures, as one can see on the television, the tattoo culture is greatly dominant, since numerous Hollywood actors like Eva Longoria, Megan Fox, and Ben Affleck, among others, are seen showing off their tattoos on their lower backs, necks, ankles and various other body parts. In addition to this, the tattoo culture is on the rise and has truly become a rage as icons such as Avril Lavigne and David Beckham choose to display their individuality through a ti ny tattoo on the wrist, or through large ones on the back and arms (Mifflin, 1997). As these celebrities are looked up to by huge fan followings, which instantly mimic their favorite idols, the tattooed populace in the world has increased greatly. As published by the Daily News in Los Angeles, â€Å"Credible statistics on the number of people with tattoos are actually tough to find. But in 2006, the Pew Research Center stated that 36 percent of Americans ages 18-25, 40 percent of those 26-40 and 10 percent of people 41-64 have tattoos† (Auerbach, 2011). It is safe to say that the numbers have only been on the rise ever since. Methods Recently, tattooing has also become increasingly popular for being instrumental as a method of plastic surgery for areola reconstruction (Aston, 2009). The most common tool used for tattooing is an electrically powered tattoo machine that uses a needle or group of needles to drill ineradicable ink onto the skin in order to decorate the body perma nently with a tattoo. After this painful procedure is undertaken, the tattoo becomes a part of a person’s attire as well as his/her personality, and is shown off as a style statement, or a symbol of something one believes in, or, as in the case of some Indian actresses like Deepika Padukone, even a symbol of love for one’s partner. This convenient method of tattooing with a drill-like machine, however, has been discovered only recently. Since tattooing had started a long way back, when technology was not as advanced, various other methods were under utilization to make color penetrate into the skin. In some tribal cultures, designs are cut into the skin and ink rubbing cause color. In others,

Democracy and the Current Situation of Latin America Research Paper

Democracy and the Current Situation of Latin America - Research Paper Example These definitions are just two among the many but are representations of its broadest sense. Though no matter the word â€Å"democracy† is defined, it has no universal established definition. Different democratic countries all over the world have their own democracies in varying degrees. Despite the differences based on specific experiences of each nation, democracy is seen to be distinguished by mainly two characteristics. First is the equality among its people while the other is the freedom to what it is to be fully human. A very informative case of all the other aspect of democracy can be seen through Latin America with a special focus on countries namely Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, and Mexico. These countries meet the conditions of a democratic regime. However, continental regions of Latin America are confronting serious dilemmas brought by their current democracy which is lacking in quality. Berkman and Cavallo’s (2006) research has found out that democracy is one of the top 10 that challenges the regions of Latin America. ...  Given the lack of effective political leaders that should govern and impose what it means to be democratic, the people of Latin America suffer from wide range problems, may it be individual or social. For the reason that Latin American nations have ineffective democratic governments, democracy comes closer to its negation. Instead of equality, it is inequality which shapes the said regions. Despite the unceasing conscious efforts of strengthening the political rights of the people, Latin America is extremely suffering from inequality as well as extreme poverty. The distinction between the rich and the poor becomes now clearly evident. This difference is even reinforced by different factors. Due to poverty, starvation is witnessed from the different regions. These regions lack the access and resources to the basic necessities. Not all are fortunate to have the right to education for it has been now a privilege amo ng those who can afford to get themselves educated. With the lack of education comes along the hindrance to employment. All these further lead to increase of poverty level which then, contributes more to all the other problems faced by the Latin Americans. Since all these are related and connected like a spider web, less and less are having the lives they should have as promised by the democratic system. Each day is getting worse and worse for the failure of the State of functioning properly to its people. Freedom is no longer attainable. Freedom to what it is to be fully human is now only for those who have all the means and all the capital. People feel suppressed with all the absence of their rights.

Estern foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Estern foods - Essay Example These challenges would be analyzed as follows: a) HRM: the firm’s workforce needs to be appropriately trained in order to be able to meet the standards set by the firm’s strategic managers. Reference is made in particular to the quality of food prepared but also to the quality of customer services. In the context of HRM another issue should be addressed: employees may be asked to work overtime and in different positions, especially during high peak seasons. Employees need to be ready to meet the challenges set by changes in the workplace so that their performance is kept at high levels. At this point, HR managers would have to face the following challenge: they should use effective criteria when allocating job positions, ensuring that each employee is assigned tasks to which he can respond. Additional or different duties could be assigned to employees gradually so that they have time to be adapted to the needs of other roles according to the organizational needs. In add ition, equality and fairness in compensation would be of critical importance for securing high employee motivation; b) Accounting: the firm needs the support of an accounting consultant; emphasizing on accounting standards and principles will help the organization to control its costs and income more effectively so that its performance is kept high; c) Marketing: the firm has to employ a marketing plan that will be aligned with the local culture and market trends; traditional marketing techniques would be combined with advanced marketing strategies, such as the social media; d) Operations Management: the cooperation between various organizational departments should be carefully organized; daily operations should be set in hierarchical order ensuring that all business activities are monitored and checked as of their alignment with business standards and ethics. Particular emphasis should be given on innovation and creativity, as factors that could enhance the firm’s competitiv eness in its industry. 2. HRM issues in Eastern Foods Business environment incorporates a high range of elements, including ‘economic, socio-cultural and administrative factors’ (Goyal and Goyal 2007, p.6). Organizing and distributing tasks are critical duties of managers in modern organizations so that conditions in internal organizational environment, where the firm’s HR are incorporated, are effectively controlled. In fact, it has been proved that the ability of HR managers to assign tasks aligned with the skills/ background of employees can help to avoid conflicts across organization and to keep employee performance high (Goyal and Goyal 2007). On the other hand, in the food industry competition is high. Customers’ expectations tend to be continuously increased a fact that creates pressures for changes in the firm’s practices (Simms 2005). Employees need to be willing to support organizational changes otherwise the relevant plans will fail. Empl oyees have a key role in another factor affecting organizational performance: innovation. Promoting innovation is a necessary prerequisite for firms that aim to keep their performance at high levels (Limberg 2008). In the food industry also, a similar issue appears. However, innovation and creativity cannot be enhanced within a particular organization unless they are adequately supported by employees; reference is made not only to

Project Management Capstone - Problem Identification Assignment - 1

Project Management Capstone - Problem Identification - Assignment Example It has also been identified that for an organization to run efficiently, management should take the responsibility of ensuring that all the necessary factors of effective project management are put into consideration. Thereafter, develops a proper plan to mitigate chances downfalls within the business. However, one of the major problems that automobile companies face is the inability to influence broader market margins. Therefore, this paper unravels problems affection project implementation in an organization and various measures to mitigate such occurrences. Similar to any other project management, project scope addresses initiatives at all levels of project management and the implementation strategies agreed at the initial stages of project development. Based on the human resource problem, several scholars have clarified that poor human resource management would directly affect capital market. For instance, training of newly recruited employees is a large problem to most of the businesses compared to competitors who prosper by retaining their employees. No company would ever love to incur expenses in training employees only to lose them. Besides, constant shifting of employees reduces outcome and competitive development of business. Wagner & Bode (2009), illustrates that the use computerized services and internet facilities within an organization are vital to changes in various ways thus relating organizational skills towards the contribution of adequate returns to the company. It has also been clarified that companies that use technol ogy often has customized response to any slightest change in liaison to consumers demand by producing goods and services through controlled production process Wagner & Bode (2009). Moreover, it may affect some sections of the organization especially members of the staffs who feel that they are ill targeted by the change process. The main purpose of a

The Impact of Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Teenage Pregnancy Essay The reality TV series 16 and pregnant and Teen Mom are two great examples showing the everyday struggles of teenage pregnancy and a day in the life of a teenage mother. By no means do these two shows glorify teen pregnancy. Teens seem to think that they are inevitable and nothing will happen to them. All it takes is one time to have sexual intercourse to become pregnant. While being wrapped up in the excitement, lust, adrenaline, rush and at times even under the influence these young teens do not seem to think about the outcome that may occur from making the decision to partake in intercourse. The Big Brother sister Program has proved to steer children in the right direction, have a positive impact on these children and encourage these kids to be all they can be. The Big Sister program should address the issue of teen pregnancy by providing sexual education, guidance, free contraception and a respected role model to young females. Providing these teens with sexual education concerning the impact of teenage pregnancy regarding the wellbeing of a teen mother and child, loss of education, and the lack of parenting skills will influence young teens to make better decisions and teen pregnancy will decrease in our community. Teenage pregnancy may seriously impact the wellbeing of their child as well as themselves by not seeking proper medical care which may cause high blood pressure, anemia, toxemia, and Placenta Previa (Bodeeb 2011). Many teens do not even realize they are pregnant until about three or four months, Due to the fact that teens are unaware of the physical and internal changes the body makes to prepare a home in the womb for the baby. It is important for a mother to seek medical attention as soon as possible to make sure of a healthy pregnancy. The early stages of pregnancy are the most important. A mother needs to be aware of the pregnancy for such reasons as: taking prenatal vitamins, smoking cigarettes, drinking or any prescription taking while being pregnant (Bodeeb 2011). Those acts may cause serious long term birth defects and medical complications for the baby. Certain tests need to be performed while in the first few months of a pregnancy as well to make sure there are not any complications. At four months the Down syndrome test is performed on the child while in the womb. That is an issue that any mother would like to know about their unborn child so proper decisions can be made and the mother can find out where to go from then. Un Expecting bleeding may occur and a young mother may seem to think it is an abnormal period, but really it may be a miscarriage and if proper procedures aren’t taken it can result to the loss of the mother. A proper DNC must be performed. Teen pregnancy will be a challenge due to the fact that teens are not provided the skills that are needed to handle a pregnancy and mother hood. This may very well affect the wellbeing of the mother and the child. It is necessary for a teen mother to portray skills for pregnancy. Patience, maturity, and the ability to handle stress is a part of pregnancy. Pregnant teens are at more of a higher risk of postpartum depression syndrome, which starts after delivering the baby. According to CDC, girls who feel down and sad, either while pregnant or after birth should talk openly to someone they trust. Depression can absolutely interfere with taking care of a newborn (â€Å"Teen Pregnancy: Medical Risks and Realities†, 2005-2012). Postpartum depression affects many mothers life while trying to care for their child. This depression makes it hard for a mother to have the want or need to take care of their baby, cry consistently, and may cause the mother to shut herself out away from the rest of the world(†Teen Pregnancy :Medical Risks and Realities†, 2005-2012). Teens are at higher risk of this depression because they are less experienced, scared, the lack of social life and simply because they just do not know how to handle a helpless child depending on the young mother. Teens most of the time lack these skills to obtain a successful pregnancy. Bodeeb also states that according to The U. S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that babies born to teen mothers may have weaker intellectual development and may have on going medical complications. Babies born to teen mothers may have medical complications such as: The growth of the child, which is called premature birth. The earlier a baby is born the more risk there is of respiratory, digestive, vision, cognitive, and other problems (â€Å"Teen Pregnancy: Medical Risks and Realities†, 2005-2012). It is not easy attending high school while expecting a child, especially having to deal with being judged by classmates. Regardless if any teen mother is affected by the comments or snickering being made by the other students, it does not help the situation or make it any easier. These acts that occur all the time in school may cause the young mother to no longer want to attend school . Finding a sitter for the child is a burden because not all parents of a young mother are supportive of the situation. In some cases a young girl getting pregnant while still living at home and attending school may result in her getting thrown out of her home , which makes it even more complicated to attend classes. After having a child the mother is usually given six weeks for recovery and to spend time with the mother. The time missed by the student may result to failure of classes or getting behind. This is when most teens decide to not come back to school because they figure it is more of a hassle and simply do not know what to do. There are some high schools that have day cares located inside the school, but not all. It is a struggle for teens to put their child in day care, especially if they cannot find a job that will work around the school schedule and spending time with the baby. The government does provide assistance in child care but they do not pay for the whole thing. It was recently reported by CBS 2 News that Chicago’s South Side Paul Robenson High School has 115 girls who are pregnant out of 800 girls who attend the school (Roush, 2009). According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statistics, teen pregnancy is not just local problem and birth rates have been rising during the past few years after more than a decade of decline (Roush, 2009). Soo Ji Min, executive director of the Illinois Caucus for adolescent Health, an organization that advocates for policies to promote sexual health and education among teens said that; the No child Left- behind is the culprit for eliminating sexual education in school. She claimed the lack of information in the schools led to the increase in teen pregnancies (Roush, 2009). If schools are teaching about abstinence and not giving teens the knowledge they need to know about sex and protection, these children are not receiving any information to protect themselves. To continue to discuss the importance of the statistics of pregnancy among teen girls and the impact on their education, less than half of young women who have had a child as a teenager go on to finish high school or let alone go on to pursue studies in college (Roush, 2009). It is becoming harder for anyone to find a job without a college education or nevertheless the bare minimum of a GED or diploma. Bill albert ,a chief Program officer of the National Campaign founded in 1996 to help women stated that; a teenage girl has a three in ten chance of becoming pregnant before turning 20 (Roush , 2009). Without saying adolescent mothers are bad mothers it is safe to say that young mothers lack the ability for proper parenting skills that will play a role in the impact of teen pregnancy on young mothers. The earlier stages of parenting behavior tend to occur from the risk process of stress. Diversion of attention away from socialization, urgent goals of providing shelter and substance, lack of social support, and lack of opportunities to enhance parenting skills all may contribute to the preventing difficulties faced by young mothers living in disadvantaged circumstances. Again these examples provided may be symptoms of postpartum depression syndrome. Teen mothers may simply face a barrier providing for their child and get discouraged in the process and tend to lead to the lack of judgment in providing for the child (Socio Economic Disadvantages and child Development pp185-204). Child parenting skills may consist of aggressive behavior from the child. If a child is acting out, simply unruly, often angry, gets in trouble in school, or defies the parents, these may be signs of aggressive behavior. Aggressive behavior from the child is more likely to occur due to a teen having a child at such a young age (Socio Economic Disadvantages and Child Development pp185-204). A teen mothers harsh discipline strategies may also play a role in aggressive behavior from the child. It is hard for a child to discipline a child in the correct manner. In many cases young mothers tend to get overwhelmed and accidently hurt or abuse the child because they get frustrated. Just like their mothers the child of a teen is more likely to experience abuse and neglect and become pregnant as a teen as well (Cheour, 2011). In high school prom was a big deal, but if being pregnant during the occasion it may take away the memories and the pleasure of enjoying the high school experience. Time is limited with friends and sports are completely out of the option while being pregnant. Not only does a child need to remain a child with less stress as possible, there is no need for a young girl to carry the burden of having to take care of a helpless child when some of these teens can barely take care of themselves. The impact of teen pregnancy on young mothers is a more serious issue than some may seem to realize. The concern is of course in regards to a young adult having the proper education provided to decrease teen pregnancy, even if the issue may not be eliminated altogether. The children are our future and by bringing forth the Big sister program filled with volunteers that are willing to guide, assist in young teens making the right decisions, and simply just making a fun positive way of learning about safe sex the numbers of these pregnant girls in school have a chance to decrease. If this program only changes one young woman’s perspective and makes her realize the outcome that may occur from bringing a beautiful life into this world the goal will be accomplished.

Nfc Awards In Pakistan Economics Essay

Nfc Awards In Pakistan Economics Essay Pakistan is a federation consisting of four provinces, federally administered tribal areas, northern areas and Islamabad Capital Territory. Pakistan is a federation but its government is highly centralized, so majority of the revenues are collected at the center and then re-distributed vertically between federal and provincial governments, and horizontally among provinces through National finance Commission (NFC) awards. Then the provinces further re-distribute the resources to local governments through a revenue-sharing formula framed by Provincial Finance Commission (PFC). The criteria of revenue sharing has always been a bone of contention between the federation and the provinces. This is mainly because the federal government keeps a larger part of the revenues to themselves while provinces are left with fewer resources to carry on their development activities, thats why they face budget deficits very frequently. Moreover, there is a little autonomy and capacity for provinces to c ollect taxes on their own, so mainly they have to rely on the revenues relocated to them by the Federal government through NFC awards. The share provinces get from the Federal government is not sufficient to carry on the development projects, which is the reason they get into budget deficits very frequently. For proper service and delivery there is need of a higher share for provinces in NFC awards. Systematic Resources transfers among governments occurs at 4 levels. Firstly, from federal governments to provincial governments through National Finance Commission (NFC). Secondly, from provincial governments to local governments through Provincial Finance Commission (PFC). Thirdly, from federal to local, and lastly from local to local. In this report, I will focus mainly on systematic resource transfers from Federal to Provincial governments through National Finance Commission awards. National Finance Commission is constituted under Article 160(1) of the 1973 constitution for the smooth and thoughtful revenue transfers between Federal and Provincial governments. Constitutionally, it is to be held every 5 years by the President of Pakistan to review the resource sharing mechanism for the equitable fiscal transfers between Central and Provincial governments. Certain taxes collected from provinces are added in the distribution pool and then re-distributed to provinces according to the revenue sharing formula. NFC decides what percentage of the total revenues will be retained by the Federal government and what share will go to the provinces. What taxes to include in the distribution pool has always been a question of debate. The chairman of the commission is the Federal Finance Minister, and its members include all provincial finance ministers and experts to be nominated by the president of Pakistan in consultation with the provincial governors. The main charter of NFC is concerned with the following matters. Distribution of specified taxes and duties between the federation and the provinces. Payment of financial grants to provincial governments. Borrowing power exercised by the Federal and Provincial governments. Any other financial matter referred to the commission. As per law, NFC was supposed to be constituted for smooth and equitable revenue transfers between the Federal government and provinces. But in reality, it faced difficulties which hindered its development. Only 7 NFC awards have been given up till now, of which 3 were conclusive. The rest 4 remained inconclusive because federal government and provinces couldnt reach an agreement on the distribution criteria of revenues, therefore an interim award was awarded by the President in this situation. This paper will evaluate all the NFC awards in the history of Pakistan. Its related issues will be highlighted and improvements in the resource transfer mechanism will be recommended. 2. THE EVOLUTION OF NFC AWARDS 2.1 PRE-INDEPENDENCE REVENUE SHARING (NIEMEYER AWARD) Before independence of Pakistan, Niemeyer Award was followed in British India for the distribution of revenues between the Federal government and provinces, under the Government of India Act, 1935. All the financial matters between Federal and provincial governments were ruled by this act. Under this award, sales tax was a provincial subject, and 50 percent of the income tax collections were subjected to be redistribute. Even after the independence, Niemeyer award was followed till March 1952 with some adjustment in railway budget, sharing of income and sales tax. 2.2 POST-INDEPENDENCE REVENUE SHARING (RAISMAN AWARD) After the independence of Pakistan, Sir Jeremy Raisman was asked to devise a revenue sharing mechanism for allocation of revenues between federal and provincial governments. Thus he formed a revenue sharing formula called Raisman award in 1952. Considering the poor financial condition of the newly born state, a 50 percent share of sales tax was given to the federal government. Out of incomes of 50 percent income tax, 45 percent was given to East Pakistan, while the rest of the portion was given to the West Pakistan. 2.3 REVENUE SHARING UNDER ONE UNIT During 1955, Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were professed as one unit- The West Pakistan. East Pakistan and West Pakistan were declared as the two separate units. The two awards, of 1961 and 1964, distributed the revenue between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. 2.3.1 The 1961 Award In this award, the share of East Pakistan from divisible pool was decided to be 64 percent, while that of West Pakistan was 46 percent. 30 percent of the sales tax was relocated to provinces on the basis of their respective collection. While the remaining duties on agricultural land and capital value tax on immovable property were given to the units as per their collection. 2.3.2 The 1964 Award Under this award, the divisible pool consisted of sales tax, income tax, export duty and excise duty. 30 percent of the sales tax were relocated to each province according to its collection. The share of center and provinces from the divisible pool was decided to be 35 percent and 65 percent respectively. While the share of East Pakistan and West Pakistan remained the same as in previous award i.e. 64 percent and 46 percent respectively. 2.3.3 National Finance Committee 1970 A committee was formed instead of a commission in April 1970 to devise a formula for revenue sharing between federation and the federating units. The divisible pool remained unchanged, though the federal and provincial governments share in the divisible pool was declared as 20:80 respectively. 54 percent of the provincial share was given to East Pakistan, while the rest 46 percent went to West Pakistan. The distribution among the provinces of West Pakistan was: Punjab 56.5 percent, Sindh 23.5 percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 15.5 percent, and Baluchistan 4.5 percent. After the separation of East Pakistan, their revenue share was transferred to the provinces of West Pakistan. The revenue proportion remained the same, but the size of the pie was changed. NATIONAL FINANCE COMMISSION 1973 The 1973 constitution made mandatory for the government of Pakistan to make a National Finance Commission every 5 years for fair revenue distribution between Federal government and the provinces. From that point of time, West Pakistan started its journey after the separation of East Pakistan. From 1974 onwards, all the awards have been given under the National finance Commission. In reality, NFC has not been constituted every 5 years, contrary to what the law demanded. Lets briefly go through the various NFC awards in the history. First NFC Award 1974 After an increase in the number and amount of taxes between 1951 and 1970, there was a contraction in both in 1974, reducing the size of the divisible pool. The divisible pool only included income tax, sales tax, and export duty. The distribution ratio between federal government and provinces remained the same as 20:80 respectively. The criteria for horizontal distribution among provinces was decided to be population. Punjab, being the biggest in population, was advantaged. Its share was increased from 56.50 percent to 60.25 percent. While the other three provinces suffered, Sindh suffering the most. The resource distribution among provinces is presented in the table below. Table 1 1974 NFC Award-Provincial share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 60.25% 22.50% 13.39% 3.86% To combat the weak fiscal position of the provinces, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were granted aid of Rs.50 million and Rs.100 million respectively. Second NFC Award 1979 The second NFC was constituted by the President general Zia-ul-Haq in 1979. But it held no meetings, consequently no award was given. Therefore, the award of 1974 was followed as an interim award. After census was held in 1981, the population ratios changed and so did the provincial share in NFC awards. The provincial share was adjusted according to the new census, which led some improved conditions in Baluchistan and Sindh, whereas the share of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa remained unchanged. The new provincial resource distribution according to the changed population is illustrated in the given table. Table 2 1979 NFC Award- Provincial Share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 57.97% 23.34% 13.39% 5.30% Third NFC Award 1985 The third NFC was also constituted in Zia-ul-Haq regime in 1985. It held nine meetings in 3 years but failed to produce any fruitful results, mainly due to political instability. So the award of 1974 was followed till 1990. Fourth NFC Award 1991 After a long time, NFC became successful in giving recommendation in 1991. NFC is supposed to announce an award every 5 years, but there was a gap of 17 years between the previous award of 1974 and the 1991 award. This award came with some improvements and expansion in the divisible pool. Central excise on tea, tobacco, and betel nut was added in the divisible pool. So the divisible pool consisted of income tax, sales tax, export duty, and excise duty. However, custom duty still remained with Federal government. Federal government also took the responsibility of financing the provinces in case of deficits. The Federal and provincial share remained to be at 20 percent and 80 percent respectively. It can be said that the 1991 award was so far the best deal for provinces. But this award could not make any development regarding the diversification in the revenue sharing mechanism. The sole criteria for revenue sharing among provinces remained to be population. Disagreements among provinc es hindered the development in the resource sharing criteria. However, if we look at the positive side, this award considerably expanded the volume of provincial share in the revenues collected by the Federal government by around 18 percent as compared to 1974 award. This was mainly due to the addition of excise duty on certain items in the divisible pool. The 1991 award was a step forward to fiscal decentralization and provincial autonomy in the country. The 1973 constitution acknowledged the right of provinces to get royalty on natural resources on the basis of collection by each province. Royalty on gas and crude oil, development surcharge on gas, and profits from hydro-electricity were relocated to provinces in the form of straight transfers. As a result, the transfers to provinces increased from 28 percent (Rs. 39 billions) to 45 percent (Rs. 64 billion) of federal tax revenue. The share of each province under this award is given in the table below. Table 3 1991 NFC Award-Provincial Share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 57.88% 23.28% 13.54% 5.30% Provincial share didnt have any changes because population was still the sole criteria for revenue distribution and no census was held since 1981. However, the volume of provincial share increased due to the inclusion of new taxes in the divisible pool. In addition to this, special grants were also provided to provinces to meet their developmental needs. The amount of these grants is illustrated in table 4. Table 4 1991 NFC Award-Provincial Grants Amount/Years Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan Amount 1000 700 200 100 Next Years 3 5 3 3 (Rs.in million) However there was an increase in the flow of funds to the Provincial governments, provinces were advised to generate their own funds, but the autonomy and funds generating capacity were not sufficient as needed. Fifth NFC Award 1996 The 5th NFC award was announced in late 1996 by the care-taker government of that time. This award included all the federal taxes in the divisible pool. Which comprise: income tax, sales tax, capital value tax, wealth tax, excise duties (except the excise duty on gas charged at wellhead) and any other tax collected by federal government. Royalty on crude oil and development surcharge on gas were also relocated to provinces in the form of straight transfers. The incentive of matching grants was also given to the provinces but up to a certain limit; only if provinces exceeded their revenue target of 14.2 percent they would get matching grants. However, numerous objections have been made by the members of parliament elected to the provincial and federal governments following the 1997 general elections. With the expansion of federal divisible pool, the federal-provincial ratio in this award changed radically. Earlier it was 20 percent for federal government and 80 percent for provinces. In this award, the ratios were changed to 62.5 percent for federal government and 37.5 percent for provinces. One reason for decreasing the provincial share in the divisible pool is the overestimation of GDP growth rate. During the period when this award was being exercised, the country faced internal and external upsets which negatively affected the economy. Some say that provinces would be in a better financial situation if previous award of 1991 award was continued to follow that time. The sole criteria for resource distribution continued to be population. No development was made in this area. Considering the miserable situation of Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, special grants of 4 and 3.3 and billions rupees were awarded to them respectively for the next 5 years. Sixth NFC Award 2000 The 6th NFC was constituted in year 2000 by the President General Pervez Musharraf. It held 11 meetings but could reach to any conclusions due to disagreements among the members of NFC. Provinces were demanding a share up to 50 percent, as well as diversification in the resource distribution criteria. Another NFC was constituted on 21st July, 2005 during President Musharrafs regime. But it too, like the previous NFC, stuck in a deadlock among its members and failed to give any recommendations due to the conflicting demands of its members. After an unsuccessful attempt to generate consensus on the resource distribution mechanism, all the provincial Chief Ministers asked the President to give a fair and justified award which would be acceptable to all stakeholders. So General Musharraf amended the Distribution of Revenues and Grants-in-Aid Order, 1997 by issuing Ordinance No. 1 of 2006. Thus after a deferral of 6 years, the 1997 award was amended and came into force on 1st July, 2006. Under this award, due to the constant demand from provinces, the provincial share from the divisible pool increase to 45 percent (share in total divisible pool + grants), with gradual increase of 1 percent every year up till the next 5 years. All the taxes of 1996 award were included in the divisible pool. The grants to provinces were increased from Rs.8.7 billion to Rs.27.75 billion. Punjab and Sindh, which didnt receive any grant in the 1997 award, were also given grants of Rs.3.05 billion and Rs.5.83 billion respectively. Seventh NFC Award 2010 The most recent NFC award of 2010 was given in the present democratic government. 2010 NFC award is a milestone in the history of Pakistan, which has bring improvements and variation in the resource distribution criteria. The demands of Sindh, Baluchistan and KPK have been recognized. The most prominent and distinguishing feature of this award is that it has followed a multi-dimensional revenue distribution criteria. In addition to population, other parameters have also been included, such as poverty, underdevelopment, and inverse population density criteria, as demanded by Sindh, KPK and Baluchistan. Baluchistan being the largest in area and scattered in population, demanded the criteria of inverse population density to include in the revenue sharing formula. While Punjab wanted population to remain the only criteria because it is in the provinces advantage. Since 1973 constitution, it is for the first time that resources are not distributed among provinces according to the old popu lation standards, but an advancement has been made in the resource sharing criteria. The formulation of multiple criteria for resource distribution is a commendable step and a way further to fiscal autonomy of provinces. It has been measured as a success of democratic system and provincial partners. Economists have measured it groundwork for Fiscal Federalism in Pakistan. No disputes came in the way of approval of 7th NFC award. It is marked by sacrifices and compromises by all the stakeholders for the sake of national unity and development. The big provinces exhibited flexibility in their approach to accommodate the demands of smaller and backward provinces. The center has sacrificed more than 10 percent of its share for provinces i.e. about Rs.225 billion more were granted to provinces during FY 2011-12 budget [Pakistan Economic Survey (2011)]. All the stakeholders have decided to cut the cost of revenue collection to 1 percent (previously it was 5 percent) to increase the flow of real transfers to provinces. Resultantly, the provincial share from the divisible poo l increased from 47.5 percent to 56 percent in the first year and 57.5 percent for all the remaining years of the award. This award is also significant in a way that all the provinces and center have shown a considerate behavior towards the most backward province Baluchistan. Acknowledging its special development needs, all the stakeholders have agreed to provided Baluchistan Rs.83 billion (9.09 percent) of the provincial pool in the first year of the Award. Punjab has given up 1.27 percent, Sindh 0.39 percent, and KPK 0.26 percent of its share. Whereas Baluchistan has gained 1.82 percent. The federal government has given up more than 10 percent of its share for provinces, which has increased the flow of revenues to provinces. The number one beneficiary of this award is Baluchistan with an additional budget of 175 percent. While KPK, the second most benefitted, received 79 percent, Sindh 61 percent, and Punjab 48 percent additional budget. The resource distribution among provinces is illustrated in table 5. Table 5 NFC Award 2010- Resource Distribution Province % Share in Divisible Pool under 7th NFC % Change in Share Additional Budget % Punjab 51.74 1.27 48 Sindh 24.55 0.39 61 KPK 14.62 0.26 79 Baluchistan 9.09 +1.82 175 Source: Pakistan Economic Review (2010) If we talk about the distribution parameters, 82 percent weightage has been allocated to population, 10.3 percent to poverty, 5 percent to revenue generation/collection, and 2.7 percent to inverse population density. Table 6 illustrates the different parameters and its weightage against each province. Table 6 NFC Award 2010-Revenue Sharing Formula (in percentage) Parameters Weight Punjab Sindh KPK Baluchistan Population 82 57.36 23.71 5.11 13.82 Poverty/backwardness 10.30 23.16 23.41 25.61 27.82 Revenue Collection 5 44.0 50 1.0 5 Inverse Population 2.7 4.34 7.21 81.92 6.54 One of the greatest achievements regarding this award is that it has aimed to reduce disparities among the provinces. This award benefits the two relatively more backward provinces, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan, as compared to Sindh and Punjab. Before this award, provinces were getting Rs.550 billion. But in the first year of enforcement of this award provinces got more than Rs.850 billion, and in the next 5 years this amount will increase up to 1250 billion. The greatest achievement of this award is the reduction in inequalities regarding revenue collection in Sindh and Punjab, gas development surcharge from Baluchistan, and hydel profits from KPK. Considering the role of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa in war against terrorism, it has been provided a share of 1 percent from the divisible pool. 4. DEVELOPMENT OF NFC AWARDS OVER TIME Financial resources play the fundamental role in the development of any country. A well thought-out resource distribution is necessary for the development of backward areas so they can be at par with the national growth and progress. The current state of revenue distribution in Pakistan has evolved over time. Various improvements and advancements have been made in the revenue sharing formula since the formation of National Finance Commission. In this section I will analyze the impact of various NFC awards on the fiscal decentralization of the country. In Pakistan fiscal federalism has always been an issue which has never received a serious approach. Out of Seven NFC awards, only four have come up with additional parameters of revenue sharing between the federation and its units. Federal government has taken a less systematic approach to decentralize fiscal powers and functions and made the provinces depend on the center. This has negatively affected the performance and efficiency of provinces to work effectively. In a federation, the basic functions of Central government are maintaining law and order, defense matters, making a sound foreign policy, communications, currency management, general administration, debt servicing, industrial development, and work on public welfare including health and education. The rest of the matters fall within the sphere of Provincial and local governments. But not much effort has been put by our politicians to devolve powers and functions to lower tiers of government. With the passage of time, federal government has over-stretched itself into such matters which are of purely provincial nature, like irrigation, construction of roads, agricultural development, culture and tourism, youth affairs, and rural development. This has increased financial and administrative burden on the center. Federal government has taken too much responsibilities on its shoulders which certainly require more finance. If government is aiming toward devolution of power from center to provincial and local level, these tiers of government must be empowered and enabled to generate their own finance. Federal government generates 93 percent of the resources, while its share in the total expenditure makes up only 72 percent. On the other side, the total expenditure of provinces is 28 percent, and they generate merely 7 percent of the resources. It results in heavy dependency on the center. The argument behind the higher collection by the federation is based on the achievement of equity, efficiency, economy, and the federal governments ability to levy and collect [Kardar (2006)]. As most of the resources are already used up by the Federal government, provinces are left with less opportunities to generate their own resources. Resultantly, provinces have to rely heavily on the resources transferred to them by the center. If we closely look at the historical trend, we can easily understand that the journey of fiscal federalism In Pakistan has always been uneven. Fiscal federalism has always been a dilemma. It is interesting to note that out of seven NFC awards given after 1973 constitution, only few came up with additional parameters to share the revenues with the provinces. Only 3 out of 7 NFC awards were conclusive, the remaining 4 were inconclusive due to disagreements among the members of the commission. Historically, the problem of revenue distribution has never been taken seriously by our politicians and it always faced difficulty because consensus of all the parties involved is must for a new NFC award to be enforced. The resource distribution mechanism/criteria has always been a bone of contention among the provinces. Population, being the sole distribution criteria in all NFC awards (except the recent one) has always been a matter of friction among provinces. This shows a lack of coordination in our policy making. Sindh, Baluchistan and KPK have always demanded the diversification in revenue sharing formula with the inclusion of other factors with population, like poverty, backwardness and revenue generation capacity. Whereas Punjab has stressed over population to remain the sole criteria for revenue distribution because Punjab, being the most populated province, has always got the larger piece of pie in NFC awards. It is interesting to note that Pakistan is the only country in the world which follows one-dimensional formula for revenue distribution. Otherwise everywhere in the world various dimensions are used in view of the needs and economic conditions of the provinces. Due to inflexibility in the resource distribution formula, disparities among the economic conditions of people could not be reduced and diversified needs of provinces could not be catered as it should have been. In the above section, we have discussed each NFC award in detail, its pros and cons, and the percent allocation to provinces under each award. There are substantial disparities in the living standards amongst provinces, and also among the rural-urban areas of each province. Although the removal of discrepancies between urban and rural areas is the responsibility of Provincial Finance Commission, but without provision of adequate amount of resources/funds by the center, provinces will not be able to work on development and reducing inequalities at local level. If we compare the real per capita GDP of all the provinces, we find out that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been facing highest inconsistency among rural and urban income, next to Sindh and Punjab. While the gap between rural and urban income in Baluchistan is lesser, the reason is lack of development in its urban areas. Its urban areas are less developed as compared to that of other provinces, because of lesser economic opportunities i n cities. If we look at the historical trends, the first NFC award of 1947 had fewer taxes in the revenue pool. But in 1991 award, some improvements were seen in the revenue distribution. More taxes were made part of distribution pool. In addition, the right of provinces to get royalty on natural resources was given to them on the basis of collection by each province. The divisible pool was further expanded in 1996 award by the inclusion of all the federal taxes. 1996 award moved a step forward towards fiscal decentralization. It also introduced the incentive of matching grants to provinces. But if we look at the grey areas of this award, the expansion of distribution pool resulted in the contraction of provincial share. The federal-provincial share in the pool changed drastically from 20:80 to 62.5:37.5 percent respectively. So practically, no significant developments were observed in actual revenue transfers to provinces. Consequently, provinces fell short of funds and trapped in budget defi cits. Considering the miserable situation of Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, special grants of 4 and 3.3 and billions rupees were awarded to them respectively for the next 5 years. Due to the constant pressure and demands from the provinces, government increased their share in the revenue pool to 45 percent in 2006 interim award. Just the provincial share was increased, no innovation was made in the resource sharing mechanism and it was still at its old population standards. Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtun Khwa were demanding revenue distribution on the basis of poverty. The poverty ratio in Baluchistan is 37 percent and that of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 44 percent. However, no diversification was made in the distribution criteria. One of the main reason which hindered the development of NFC awards is the conflicting demands of provinces over the resource sharing mechanism. The criteria of revenue dispersal between the center and provinces has always been a matter of conflict between these two tiers of government. Four out of seven NFC awards remained unproductive and unsettled amid this hostility. The complaints of the provinces were heard when the central government agreed to give provinces 40 percent share in the divisible pool with addition of 1 percent every year till the next 5 years. But there is an argument from Federal governments point of view that whenever the share of provinces has increased it gave rise to non-development expenditure which is unproductive. The reason is provincial governments don not have specific development programs in place as well as capacity to raise the living standards of people. The poverty ratio in Baluchistan is 37 percent and that of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 44 percent, but provincial governments failed to formulate an appropriate strategy to reduce these disparities. This relates to the issue of political economy and public choice. Our electoral system can bring about such a state in which the federal government can be taken over by the larger province due to its majority seats in the National Assembly. Although, in Senate all provinces have equal representation but Senate has power only to discuss on the policy matters, but the decision making right resides with the National Assembly. So it is the National Assembly who has the constitutional supremacy to devise a reasonable resource sharing formula. Furthermore, the federal government does not want to give up its powers to provinces and let them grow autonomously as it will reduce their control on policy matters. This could be seen as since independence, 10 awards have been recommended for justified resource sharing between the center and provinces, but out of them only 3 (1974, 1991, and 2010) initiated by elected governments. The most significant development of the year 2010 was 7th NFC award which brought about some innovation in the revenue sharing criteria. After the independence of Pakistan, It was for the first time that a diversification was brought in the revenue sharing mechanism and some other factors were taken into account with population, like backwardness/ poverty, area and revenue collection. The long-ignored demands of provinces were accepted. With

Julius Caesar Essay -- Roman History

Ever wondered what it takes to be a good king or ruler? Julius Caesar is one of the most famous rulers of all time. He was one of Rome’s greatest and most powerful leaders. His changes to the empire helped take Rome to new levels of success. The life of Caesar was short, yet great. It is important to learn about this great man and his many accomplishments. Gaius Julius Caesar was born on July 13th, 100 B.C. to a poor, Patrician family in Rome (â€Å"Julius Caesar†; Gruen 12). For most of his young life, Caesar lived in an apartment type house in one of the poorest districts in Rome. He was a strong student and studied such subjects as oratory, philosophy, and even martial arts. Coming from a family that is believed to have a long ancestry of Roman royalty, Caesar quickly found success in Rome at a young age. Caesar married Cornelia, his first wife, at age 17 (â€Å"Julius Caesar†; Gruen 12). The first of many political offices that Caesar would hold in Rome was the office or praetor. Elected in his first time to run, Caesar was elected to this position in 62 B.C. He also was elected this way when elected consul in 59 B.C. Even with other Roman senators trying to keep him out of office, Caesar continued to hold power and make alliances with other political leaders such as Pompey and Crassus (â€Å"Julius Caesar;† Gruen 13). Pompey himself helped Caesar in becoming consul because Caesar gave land for the poor and Pompey’s troops (Combee 95). After success and alliances with other countries’ leaders, Caesar went to Gaul in an attempt to conquer more land and further stretch his power. Conquering many lands in Gaul, Caesar took nine years to finish his campaigns. By treating the Gauls fairly, Caesar became very well-li... ...ese are just a few accomplishments made by such a successful man. In conclusion, Julius Caesar lived a very successful life. Many years after his death, Caesar’s accomplishments are still credited even today. While many people consider Caesar to be a poor leader, we can still learn from his many successes and use them to better our lives today. In his years of ruling Rome, Caesar made many changes to the empire that led it to even more success. When will the next leader with power such as Caesar’s emerge? The world can only wait and see. Works Cited Combe, Jerry H. History of the World in Christian Perspective. Pensacola, FL: A Beka Book, 1995. Print. Gruen, Erich S. â€Å"Caesar, Julius.† World Book Encyclopedia. 2009 ed. Print. â€Å"Julius Caesar: First Man of Rome.† 4 Jan. 2010. Web. March 2010 .

Evaluating Three Cell Phone Websites :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Evaluating Three Cell Phone Websites Today, almost all people use cell phones. After buying a cell phone, people will choose which plan they will use. Now, there are many cell phone service companies in the US, so the cell phone users have to be careful when they choose the plans. Many cell phone service companies provide websites in order to give information to the cell phone users. The ease of use of the website, the information that it gives, the design and the organization of the website are the factors that will influence cell phone users in choosing their plan. In this paper, I will compare three different websites that contain information about cell phone plans. I chose T-mobile, Verizon and Sprint for comparisons. I chose T-Mobile because I am currently using T-mobile as my cell phone plan. I selected Verizon and Sprint because they are the leading competitors of T-mobile. The first website is T-Mobile. The T-Mobile website is owned by T-Mobile Company. This website is made to help their old customers to control their accounts and to get new information about T-Mobile. It is also made for the new customers, so that they can get information about T-mobile. Then, they can compare T-Mobile plans with other companies. The T-Mobile website is very simple and easy to read. It provides two choices, personal and business customers. For the personal choice, there are two options, individual and families, friends and couples. For the business choice, customers can learn and shop their products and services. These will make customers easier to use this website according to their needs. It is also completed with facility for the existing customers to log in into their accounts, so that the customers may check their accounts anytime. The T-Mobile website contains more information about coverage area and switching plan. The customers also can check the status of their order when they buy the product from T-Mobile. T-Mobile website offers opportunity for the users to find career in T-Mobile. It is such an advantage for the T-Mobile users. Besides those mentioned, this website provides information for the job seekers and the developers. This website also gives information about where the customers can find their store and how they can reach and contact them. Besides that, it also contains T-Mobile company information, so customers can know more about their company. This website is not only for United States users, but also for international users because it provides some sites for other countries like Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Russia and United Kingdom.

Percentages in Our Life

Percentages in real world Keywords: math, divide, percentage, interest, persent change Around the year 1260, the philosopher Roger Bacon wrote: â€Å"Mathematics is the door and the key to the sciences†¦ for the things of this world cannot be made known without a knowledge of mathematics†. Centuries later this is as true as ever. Mathematics is unique. It is both a beautiful and fascinating world of abstract structures and ideas and a down-to-earth, practical subject at the heart of modern science and technology.Much of its attraction comes from studying the relationship between theory and practice – an elegant theorem on complex functions, for example, also governs the lift on an aircraft wing, and apparently highly abstract algebraic results have important consequences in data security. There is one of the way to express how large/small one quantity is, relative to another quantity in math we use percentage. A percentage is a part of something expressed as a valu e out of a hundred. Percentages are an important part of our everyday lives. Some examples include: sales and discounts interest rates percentage chance of rainfall xam results statistics and survey results sports statistics. Percentage is a very handy way of writing fractions. Percentages can be compared more easily than fractions(fraction (from Latin: fractus, â€Å"broken†) represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts, for example, one-half, eight-fifths, three-quarters). A percent can always be written as a decimal, and a decimal can be written as a percent, by moving the decimal point two places to the right. The history of percentages goes back to the ancient Egyptians who wrote numbers (based on tens) alongside pictures called hieroglyphs. The idea of xpressing parts of the whole are constantly in the same proportions, due to practical considerations, was born in ancient times from the Babylonians, who used the sexagesimal fractions. Alre ady in Babylonian cuneiform tables are problems on the calculation of interest. Interest and have been known in India. Indian mathematicians calculated the percentages, using the so-called rule of three, that is, using a proportion. Examples: 1)To calculate a percentage value from absolute numbers Peter scores 25 out of 32 in an exam, what is his result as a percentage? To calculate Peter’s percentage score it is necessary to change '25 out of 32†² into ‘? ut of 100'. So: 25/32=? /100 This is done by multiplying the actual score by 100: 25/32 x 100 = 78% So 25/32 is the same as 78/100 So John got 78% in his exam. 2)To calculate the true value a percentage represents A camera normally costs ?120 but in the sale it has been reduced by 15%. How much discount does this represent? (ie 15% of 120) 15% of 120 = 15 ‘out of 100' of 120. 15 ‘out of 100' can be written as 15/100 So: =15/100*120 =0. 15*120 =18 Therefore 15% represents ?18 discount on the camera, th e sale price being ?102 (?120 less discount ?18). 3)To calculate percentage increases and decreasesPercent increase and percent decrease are measures of percent change, which is the extent to which something gains or loses value. Percent changes are useful to help people understand changes in a value over time. Let's look at example of percent increase and decrease. A particular brand of milk cost 35 per bag last week. This week it costs 42 per bag. By what percentage has the price risen? Percentage increase = Actual increase/Original value x 100 In these example: actual increase = 42 – 35 = 7 original value = 35 Therefore: Percentage increase = 7/35 x 100 = 0. 2 x 100 = 20% The price has risen by 20%. )To compare or combine results with different base values Dina sat two exams last week. In science she scored 68 out of 100. In maths she scored 39 out of 60. Which subject did she do the best in? This is not instantly clear. The results would be easier to compare if they had t he same base – ie they were both ‘out of' the same number. The easiest way to do this is to change them both to percentages. Use the same method as with Peter's exam results earlier. Make them both ‘out of 100'. Science: 68 out of 100 = 68% This one is easy because the mark is already out of 100. Maths: 39 out of 60 = ? ut of 100 39/60 x 100 = 65% So, Dina did better in her science exam than her maths exam. 5)Percentages more than 100% This can seem confusing. Sometimes 100% represents a whole one. For example, in exams you can’t do any better than 100% as this represents all the marks available. Likewise when looking at percentage chances, there can be no more than a 100% chance of rain. This represents a certainty. However, there are other situations where you can use percentages that are more than one hundred. For example, a country experiencing hyper-inflation can have an inflation rate of, say, 300%.If you think of this as 300 ‘out of a hundred', this may seem impossible. However, you could think of it as 300 ‘for every hundred' and then it makes more sense. After all, any percentage gives a score ‘for every hundred'. An exam result of 68% is 68 correct answers for every hundred questions. Looking back at the inflation situation, you now need 300 more units of currency for every hundred units you needed before. If you are not sure whether you can use percentages greater than one hundred in a particular situation, the best way to check is to invent some numbers or an example and see if the result is sensible. ) A table normally sells for J750; in a sale it is reduced by 180%. Does this make sense? First, what is 180% of 750: 180% x 750 = 1350 So, how much would the table be in the sale (750 – 1350 = – 600)? As the table cannot be sold for less than nothing, it does not make sense, percentages greater than 100 cannot work in this situation. b) A shoe manufacturer sells 10,000 pairs of trainers in the month of May. During the World Cup demand increases and by August sales have risen by 180%. Does this make sense? First work out 180% of 10,000: 180% x 10,000 = 18,000So the manufacturer sold 18,000 more pairs of trainers in August than in May. This would mean that sales of trainers in August totalled 28,000 (10,000 + 18,000). This does make sense, so percentages greater than 100 can be used in this context. Why do we use percentages? The use of percentages in many financial situation is so natural that is is worth spending a few moments considering why this is so. If you need to divide something up into portions so that each person gets an appropriate share of the whole then percentages are a good way to go about it.If a pie is divided into two parts so that A gets twice as much as B then the appropriate percentages are 66. 66% and 33. 33%. As long as the pie is shared out into these percentages the two-to-one ratio will be maintained. When relative importance is gauged as a ratio then a percentage allocation is appropriate. However notice that as the total amount to be divided increases the absolute gap between what A and B receive increases. This property of a percentage increase/decrease of keeping ratios fixed is less arguably appropriate when what is being shared is less obvious. For example. f A and B work for an hourly rate of $20 per hour and $10 per hour then a percentage wage rise of 10% will keep the two-to-one payment the same at $22 per hour and $11 per hour. However the differential between the two rates of pay has jumped from $10 to $11. If a percentage increase is repeatedly applied the differential between the hourly rates goes on steadily rising even though the two-to-one ratio remains unchanged. This isn’t necessarily wrong but it is important that all concerned understand that a percentage increase or decrease keeps existing ratios fixed but changes absolute differences.

Latino Race Ethnicity and Place in the USA Essay

– Race: people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features that are passed on through reproduction – social construction: a societal invention that labels people based on physical appearance. – Skin color, hair texture, and eye shape are examples of unequal treatment – Ethnic Group: a group of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage that includes language, geographic roots, food, customs, traditions, and/or religion. – Puerto Ricans, Chinese, Serbs, Arabs, Swedes, Hungarians, Jews – Racial-Ethnic Group: people who have distinctive physical and cultural characteristics. Immigrants – Illegal immigrants do the jobs that most Americans don’t want like clean homes and offices, nannies and busboys, nurses’ aides, and pick fruit for low wage Dominant and Minority Groups: – Dominant Group: any physically or culturally distinctive group that has most economic and political power, the greatest privileges, and the highest social status. – Men are dominant group because they have more status, resources, and power than women. – Apartheid: a formal system of racial segregation – Minority: a group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment because of their physical, cultural, and other characteristics such as sex, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, or skin color. – American minorities have fewer choices than dominant group members in finding homes and apartments because they are less likely to get help from a bank to help with mortgage. – Patterns of Dominant-Minority Group Relations: – Genocide: the systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group. – Holocaust in Germany – Segregation: the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups. – De Facto: informal; may be voluntary as when members of racial or ethnic groups prefer to live among their own group. Due to discrimination -De Jure: Legal; replaced by de facto – Assimilation: the process of conforming to the culture of the dominant group, adopting its language and values, and intermarrying with that group. – Mexicans are less likely to assimilate in the US than immigrants from the Philippines, Vietnam or South Korea because they are more likely to have entered the country illegally which cuts them from getting a good job, most public assistance programs, and eventual citizenship – Pluralism: minority groups retain their culture but have equal social standing in a society. – The US is pluralistic because it is multicultural, multicolored, and multilingual. Also, the US has most racial and ethnic communities (â€Å"Little Italy†, â€Å"Greek Town†, â€Å"Little Korea†, â€Å"Spanish Harlem†) live peacefully side by side Some Sources of Racial-Ethnic Friction – Racism: a set of beliefs that one’s own racial group is naturally superior to other groups. – Prejudice: an attitude, positive or negative, toward people because of their membership. – Different from us in race, ethnicity, or religion. Asians are really hard workers; White people can’t be trusted – Stereotype: an oversimplified exaggerated generalization about a category of people. – Can be positive; All African Americans are athletic – Can be negative; All African Americans are lazy – Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others. – Reject those outside of our groupÃ'Ž – Scapegoats: individuals or groups whom people blame for their own problems or shortcomings. – They didn’t hire me because the company wants blacks; I didn’t get into that college because Asian Americans are at the top of the list Minorities are scapegoating targets because they differ in physical appearance and too powerless to strike back. – Stereotypes, ethnocentrism, and scapegoating are attitudes, but lead to discrimination. – Discrimination: any act that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership. – Range from social slights (not inviting a co worker to lunch) to rejection of job application and hate crimes. – Can be subtle (not sitting next to someone) or blatant (racial slurs) – Individual Discrimination: harmful action on a one-to-one basis by a member of a dominant group against a member of a minority group. – Discrimination while eating in restaurants, shopping, buying house, applying for job, etc. – Institutional Discrimination: unequal treatment and opportunities that members of minority groups experience as a result of the everyday operations of a society’s law, rules, policies, practices, and customs. – Heath services; minorities get lower quality care than white people even when treated by the same doctor. – Relationship between Prejudice and Discrimination: – Robert Merton described the relationship between prejudice and discrimination as 4 patterns; 1. Unprejudiced Nondiscriminators: â€Å"All-weather liberals† They aren’t prejudiced and don’t discriminate; they believe in the American creed of freedom 2. Prejudiced Discriminators: â€Å"Active Bigots† They are prejudiced and do discriminate. They are willing to break laws to express beliefs 3. Unprejudiced Discriminators: â€Å"Fair-weather liberals† ; They aren’t prejudiced but they discriminate because its in their own self interest to do so 4. Prejudiced Nondiscrimination: â€Å"Timid Bigots† They are prejudiced but don’t discriminate. Major Racial and Ethnic Groups in the US – European Americans: immigrants from southern and eastern Europe; they viewed newcomers as dirty, lazy, and uncivilized because they differ in language, religion and customs. – Latinos: many Latinos who were professionals in their native land only find low-income jobs in the US. They often have a hard time to both work and learn English well enough to pass exams to become doctors, lawyers, and accountants. Many are successful though. Earn better hourly wages because they are older, better educated, and more likely to be employed in construction than agriculture. – African Americans: They are successful. A third of all black households earn incomes of $50,000 or more. – Asian Americans: the most successful Asian Americans are those who speak English relatively well and have high education levels. Have higher educational levels than any other US racial-ethnic groups. Most likely to be concentrated in highly skilled occupations like information technology, science, engineering, and medicine. – American Indians: they are not immigrants, they have been in the US longer than any other group. They have made considerable economic progress by insisting on self- determination and the rights of tribes to run their own affairs. Most of them work in construction and repair, maintenance, and personal and laundry services. – Middle Eastern Americans: one of the most diverse and complex combinations of geographic, historical, religious, linguistic, and even racial places on Earth. Tend to be better educated and wealthier than other Americans. Well integrated into American life. Three of four speak only English at home or speak it well and more than half are homeowners. Sociological Explanations of Racial-Ethnic Inequality – Functionalism: (macro) Prejudice and Discrimination can be dysfunctional, but they provide benefits for dominant groups and stabilize society. – Conflict: (macro) Powerful groups maintain their advantages and perpetuate racial-ethnic inequality primarily through economic exploitation – Primary Labor Market: held primarily by white workers, provide better wages, health and pension benefits, and some measure of job securityÃ'Ž – Secondary Labor Market: (fast-food employees) are largely minorities and easily paid, their wages are low, there are a few benefits and working conditions are poor. – Feminist: (macro and micro) Minority women suffer from the combined effects of racism and sexism. – Gendered Racism: the overlapping and cumulative effects of inequality due to racism and sexism. – Symbolic Interactionism: (micro) Hostile attitudes toward minorities, which are learned, can be reduced through cooperative interracial and interethnic contacts. – Attitudes toward dominant and minority groups through labeling and selective perception can increase prejudice and discrimination. – Contact Hypothesis: the idea that more people get to know members of a minority group personally, the less likely they are to be prejudiced against that group Interracial and Interethnic Relationships: – Miscegenation: marriage or sexual relations between a man and a woman of different races. – The increase in intermarriage reflects many interrelated factors both macro and micro that include everyday contact and changing attitudesÃ'Ž

Program Analysis

The points of view of the segments are that the Bola virus has become an epidemic in the world and everyone should be alert as to the symptoms to prevent them from getting sick. The man who traveled from Africa to the United States with the virus was said to be traveling for many different reasons. At first all stations seemed to be In sync with not knowing the truths as to the reasons for his travels. One of the first assumptions was that he traveled here to get medical attention to help him be cured of the virus.The programs mention this because there was a recent case of an American man who name from Africa after helping treat the African people with the virus and found out that he contracted it himself. After being quarantined in a hospital he was cured with an experimental drug. They felt he traveled here to get the same treatment. This raised a lot of question for people and the broadcast stations that reported on this subject. I believe the reports are objective for a couple o f reasons.As humans we are afraid of certain things and when those who usually have the ability to be persuasive for many reasons are scared they tend to want to be more objective that subjective o that they will be able to benefit for themselves as well as those who matter most to them, this in return allows others to be informed as well. This is demonstrated through the information provided is more based on fact rather than make up stories to benefit them as a station or a group.The reports from the stations can also be subjective In ways that they assumed the reason for the man's travels and made conclusions off of Information that has not been proved to be fact. This could have been used to gain ratings by coming up with an outrageous reason for his travels. The information that was included that shouldn't have been included is that the stations report that the people that have contracted the virus here in the United States now makes it an epidemic.In reality there is no epidemi c here In the United States because there Is no mass outbreak of the virus to a lot of people. This shouldn't have been Included because It gives people the false sense that there Is a problem with the virus here in America and people have begun to make their own assumptions as to the issue and make precautions that may not be necessary at this mime. I do not think there was any information that was not included, but it seems as if information takes time to get around on the issue.When it was found out that the two nurses had the virus one nurse was able to travel causing other people to possibly be exposed to the virus. With the Issue at hand there are various social who are from America felt the man who traveled from Africa should have been allowed to die. People are not saying this to be meant and inhumane but for reasons of preventing an epidemic here in the United States.For example if the man who name here was treated and survived the virus while thousands are dying in Africa, then that news will spread and people of Africa who have contracted the virus will try to make their way to America in an effort to find a cure. On the other hand people feel like the man should have survived because we were able to treat and cure all American people who contracted the virus, but one man from Africa we could not treat and feel like the man was allowed to die. This cause caused people to feel like the people in charge of the cure or effort to treat people are monsters.Also there are people who want to restrict travel from Africa to the United States not allowing to travel to America from the area's most affected by the virus. At first nothing was done but after a while of concerned people pressuring the President for answers and results there was a plan to scan people at airports for signs of the virus. The news reports reported on this new plan to help prevent cases from entering America, and allowed people to feel relief but it was short lived.Not long after the r eports of the plan to scan people at airports, it has been also reported that signs of the virus are to easily detected at first and people can easily pass the scans and end up showing signs of the virus after they left the airport. This cause the concerns to go back up in America and people are now scared again. Most recently the new process is to also immediately quarantined people who come to America from Africa to ensure that that do not have the virus before allowing them to return to public.This has caused another issue as reports of a woman refusing to be quarantined and planned to sue because she is being kept away from her family, Job, and home. People say that it's or the protection of the country while she feels like she is being imprisoned Just because she traveled to Africa and being treated like someone with a disease. This has caused people to develop their own feelings about the situation but most agree that she should be kept in so that if she possibly did contract the virus in Africa she would not spread it to others she came in contact with.With everything that has been reported and said on the different cases of Bola here in the United States I feel that the majority of the segments are taken with face value with little nationalization for entertainment. With the issue being real and people truly concerned about what can possibly happen is there is an outbreak here in the United States, I feel the majority of the reports are for real information purposes to allow the public to know what's going on in America and how it relates to the people of the country and id the virus is a true concern here.I also feel that there is some entertainment factor here has some shows have begun to make Jokes as to how people can contract the virus and it is completely a Joke. I also hear on the radio that radio personalities are using the situation to get the opinion of the public and allow their voice to be heard on the different situations surround the viru s and people coming from Africa to return home, go to college, and other reasons for coming to the Unites States.In conclusion with so many different stories to follow in news programs there are some that catch your attention for reasons beyond entertainment. I feel like the reporting on the Bola virus are one of the reports in which you want to be he situation is very serious and a huge concern there are still people here that can make a Joke about the situation.Some people may find it funny while some may not and take offense to the things that can be said and done on the television and radio. In the end it is up to us as an individual to decide whether we will pay attention to what's going on and what's being or ignore it. Some ignore it because they know it is not a real issue at this point and will continue to until it becomes a real issue here in America. Till them we will not see people walking around in gloves and masks.

Jackie Robinson Term Paper essays

Jackie Robinson Term Paper essays One of the most influential people in society is Jackie Robinson. Not only has he made a great impact on society by inspiring African Americans to go to colleges or universities and changing the way people look at the All-American sport baseball, but by making history by being the first Afro-American to play major league baseball. His strong determination, effort, and talent have caused him to make an impact on the world which opened the door to black baseball players everyone. Jackie Roosevelt Robinson grew up from a family of sharecroppers from a farm in Cairo, Georgia, known as the Jim Sasser Farm. Around the age of six months, Jackie's father abandoned his wife, Malli Robinson, and her other four children, Mack , Edgar, Frank, and Willa Mae, to bitter poverty. Soon after months of the Robinson family working, Malli decided to buy a new home in California. As a young boy Jackie was a rascal of a kid. When Jackie and his friends got together, they were known as The Pepper Street Gang. (Robinson, 15-18) The gang was troublesome to the community, Jackie and his fellow gang members often had to see the youth officer of the community for harassment acts and sometimes petty thefts. (Schlessinger, videocassette) Inspired his older brothers Mack and Frank, Jackie began playing baseball and football in high school in order to keep himself out of trouble. (Robinson,20) Coincidentally he happened to be talented in baseball. As Jackie got older he attended U C L A, this is where he really began to discover his talent. In college he not only excelled in baseball but in other sports as well. He was the first athlete at UCLA to be a four-letterman in such sports as baseball, football, basketball, and track and field. (Robinson, 20) Along the way of his college years, Jackie met the love of his life in 1940, Rachel. Soon after sophomore/junior year they were wed. (Robinson ,40) It was about junior year, when Jackie came t...

Decisions in Paradise II

Decisions in Paradise II Decisions in Paradise IIAs described in the previous paper, Decisions in Paradise: Part I, Kava is currently facing several issues on the island and is in need of assistanceIdentify the causes of the problemsThe first major cause of the problem is the natural disasters that hit this island. These natural disasters can destroy the people, land, crops and cause petroleum spill. A large petroleum spill or fire could do very serious damage to the island and this affect the people and economy. The other cause of the problem is the 50% of the population is younger than 15 years old. Since Alex never mentioned anything about the education system, I assume that these young adults are not educated. Without an education, it would be difficult for them find any professional job. Without decent job, they will not be able to help to develop and strengthen Kava's future economy.In additions, the government is the cause of the problems as well because either they are not doing enough or not knowled geable with what needs to be done for the island; otherwise, Kava would not have required Nihon, Inc.'sKAVA UTOIKAMANUassistance. Although languages can cause a problem; however, language will not be a major issue for the company. Since Nihon, Inc. is a global organization, it has many affiliate offices around the world such as Asia, Europe, Africa, and Latin American. The company can assign a couple employees from each of these countries to assist Alex and me with the communication.Frame alternativesAlex and I proposed a plan to Chris Morales to let him aware what is needed and a budget to begin rebuilding and reconstruction the island; for example, humanitarian aid, temporary housing, disaster prevention, education, training and clinical study trial.Because of the U.S. government not being prepare for the Hurricane Katrina in 2005, many people were left without food and water. Food and water are the essential necessities for people to survive. Nihon, Inc. will work with organizati ons such as World Food Programme (WFP) or Worldwide Disaster Aid (WDA) to establish a location on Kava to receive donations such as food, water, medical supplies, and clothing for the people (wikipedia, 2007).Setting up temporary shelter is important as well. Many people had nowhere to go when Hurricane Katrina hit. Luckily, they were able to use the Louisiana Superdome as a temporary shelter. Having temporary shelter will provide safety for the people during natural disaster. The company can work with prefabricated trailers manufacturers to get a cheap price or the company can request a donation from the U.S government.Aside from basic needs, disaster prevention is primary consideration in the rebuilding phase. With the assistant from Kava's government and military, we can work together to set up a warning systems that will alert the islanders before any disaster strikes.In addition, setting up training and education system for the people especially the young adults are crucial. Wi th the potential natural disasters, training in such as emergency response and volunteer work is vital for the people of Kava. Moreover, if Nihon, Inc. is going to help to create strong economic environment for Kava, the young adults need to be educated because they will be the future employees of Nihon, Inc. and the future of Kava.Furthermore, Nihon, Inc. is a pharmaceutical company; it would be a good idea to do a clinical study trial on HIV/AIDS and avian flu. The company can start with a Phase I of the study to see if it works. If the result is positive, the company can continue with Phase II which key focus will be mostly the unhealthy population. If the clinical trial continues to provide positive results on the drug and it gets approved, it would be tremendous help to the patients and their families. This will benefit the company as well because the company will be able to continue to do research on future clinical studies.Evaluate impacts of alternativesAs Alex and I evaluat e the impacts of our alternatives, we consider the pros and cons of each alternative. Working with humanitarian organizations, setting up disasters warning system, educations, and training will not only benefit Kava but Chris Morales as well because it will be good public relations for the company. In addition, doing a clinical study will help the island's patients and doctors' financial problem because the company pays them to participate in the study.Although, doing a clinical study will help the financial burden for some families and eventually develop a cure; however, it takes time to conduct a study. The study can takes from one to seven years depending on the clinical results. In addition, there is no guarantee that the drug will get approve. Furthermore, we consider religions and cultures of the people as well. How do they feel having a foreign company conducting a study on the island? Are these people open-minded? Is it against their religion?Make the decisionAs Alex mention ed to me previously, Chris Morales had a deep-seeded commitment to doing what is right. Chris Morales's mission is to give first thought to patients and their families. Helping the citizen of Kava is his number one priority. Therefore, Alex and I decided to focus on helping the people get back on their feet first. Once people believe that they are safe and ready to go back to their normal lives, we will be able to move forward with our plan to rebuild Kava. We decided the first step is to fix the office so that we can use the office. We then work with humanitarian organizations, Kava's citizen, and helping organizations to clean up the mess on the island and start rebuilding Kava. Furthermore, Chris Morales will select a clinical study team to begin researching new drugs for HIV/AID and avian flu.ReferenceUniversity of Phoenix, (2007). Decisions in paradise business scenario. Retrieved June 15, 2007, from University of Phoenix, Week Two, rEsource. MGT350 - Critical Thinking: Strateg ies in decision making.https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp(2007, June 28). Humanitarian Aid. Retrieved July 2, 2007, from en.wikipedia.org Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid