Symbolism in 19th century art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Symbolism in 19th century art - Research Paper Example Freud and Charles Darwin further influence Munch’s work and the art by Munch mainly involves a transformation of personal experiences by using broader statements related to human condition. Among the artwork by Edvard Munch, include: The Scream In this artwork, Munch conveys existential anxiety in relation to the modern age and Munch himself has explained the events in his life that inspired the creation of The Scream. Further, Munch mainly focused on learning how various materials can affect the meaning of an image and believed that different media created different sensibilities within the same image. Munch explored this ideology as evident in the repetition of the same image using oil paint and he believed that, different print media contained different psychological and emotional tones; this provided different feelings concerning Munch’s images4. The Kiss This artwork mainly focus on a description of a man and a woman dressed in the studio of an artist and the subse quent images similar to this, depicted images of couple’s nudity before a window. In most of Munch’s intaglio work revolved around a detailed narration of a scene and the images or themes within his artwork are highly stylized. In a similar manner to the artwork by Gauguin, Munch’s artwork involved a focus on raw materials that are used to make prints and formed an integral part of Munch’s aesthetic conceptions. As depicted in the image of The Kiss, the grain of the wood forms an integral part of the piece and provides organic and vertical pattern, which describes the pouring rain around the black figures that converge to a single form. However, critics of... In this artwork, Munch conveys existential anxiety in relation to the modern age and Munch himself has explained the events in his life that inspired the creation of The Scream. Further, Munch mainly focused on learning how various materials can affect the meaning of an image and believed that different media created different sensibilities within the same image. Munch explored this ideology as evident in the repetition of the same image using oil paint and he believed that, different print media contained different psychological and emotional tones; this provided different feelings concerning Munch’s images. This artwork mainly focus on a description of a man and a woman dressed in the studio of an artist and the subsequent images similar to this, depicted images of couple’s nudity before a window. In most of Munch’s intaglio work revolved around a detailed narration of a scene and the images or themes within his artwork are highly stylized. In a similar manner to the artwork by Gauguin, Munch’s artwork involved a focus on raw materials that are used to make prints and formed an integral part of Munch’s aesthetic conceptions. As depicted in the image of The Kiss, the grain of the wood forms an integral part of the piece and provides organic and vertical pattern, which describes the pouring rain around the black figures that converge to a single form. However, critics of Munch’s work such as Stanislaw Prxybyszewski reiterate that Munch’s image of The Kiss is â€Å"repulsive† and for example, the use of figures.

Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exam - Essay Example They instead went against their initial agreement with the Palestine a deal that did not augur well with the Palestine and instead of fostering peace in the territory, the concession become a precursor of conflict that has persisted in the region for more than half a century (Gavish 88). Cause of the Conflict- Agreement with the Husayn When the British wanted to have control over the Palestine, they were made to make some concession with the local rulers that were part of the Ottoman Empire. For instance, the then the British high commissioner Sir Henry McMahon made surreptitious visits to Husayn ibn ‘Ali who was the patriarch of the Hashemite family who also doubled up as the governor of Mecca and Madina (Eini 103). The British used Husayn in this case to pursue a revolt against the Germany who was opposing the British and the French in the area. He was promised that with his support to overthrow the Ottoman Empire in the area, he would be supported din the establishment of an independent Arab country in Palestine. In this regard, an Arab revolt was organized in the area under the leadership of Lawrence of Arabia and one of the Huseyn’s sons, Fayal. The two succeeded in defeating the Ottoman Empire and the British then took full control of the area during the period of World War I. After the revolt, the British instead of remaining committed to their initial agreement, faulted and made some other agreements that contradicted the first position of the agreement with the Husayn and this brought troubles in the region instead of inculcating peace in the area as would be thought to be the British. Other Agreements that Jeopardize the Initial Agreement Signing of other agreement by the British was the culmination of conflict seed between the Arab and the Palestine. In the 1917, the British again entered an agreement that was dubbed Balfour Declaration. In the declaration, the then British foreign minister Lord Arthur Balfour consented in the establishm ent of the Jewish national home in Palestine and agreed to support the move. The establishment of the Jewish home in the area, which was highly resented given that they had been assured of the independent Palestine territory (Eini 113). The Jews that were facing persecution in Germany were given a safe haven in Palestine but this is what triggered the conflict between the Arabs and the Jews. Again, the British also made a third promise in the same breadth, in this agreement, both the British and the France made agreement to have a full control of the Palestine. They made the agreement to divide the territory for their control-a territory that was under the control of Ottoman Empire (Miller 57). British and France in this regard convinced the league of nation to grant them a quasi control of the region in the region that was formerly under the control of the Ottoman Empire. In the reference of this, the regimes of the France and British were known as mandates and France obtained cont rol over Syria with Lebanon not included in the territory because it was predominantly Christian. British on the other hand were given the mandate over Jordan, Gaza strip, Israel, and West Bank (Miller 67). These other concessions that were made by the British after the Arab agreement led to the conflict in the area that is dominated by the Arabs. The current tribulation that the British and the Arabs have faced for the last more than half a decade is necessitated by the so-called Palestine

The League Of Nations And United Nations Essay Example for Free

The League Of Nations And United Nations Essay Introduction International organizations were created basically to function according to the principles of decision-making among member countries represented by appointed or elected representatives. These powerful leaders unite and agree on an issue or in determining solutions and conclusions that involves the welfare of all races across the world. Issues like economics, international law, human rights and security of not only for developed countries but of the third world countries as well. There is a common purpose and goal, joined together for world peace. Nations are associated to work as a single unit. Such associations are founded many centuries ago by leaders of past generations to avoid riot, confusion and continuous killings among nations. Within these organizations, principal subordinate groups, bodies, assembly, mandates and members were structured accordingly. However, not all powerful organizations have strong foundations. Others may fail due to coincidental flaws and lapses that lead to its eventual demise. They have failed to achieve matters that concern the welfare of the people. Their approach to issues might be weak. Thus, conflicts were not resolved as they were highly expected to have been done. The League of Nations is one organization that led to such failure. This paved way to the emergence of The United Nations. After The League of Nations’ failure to prevent war, it was decided to create a new body to replace the League’s role. The League of Nations and the United Nations are international assemblies that have the same vision. They both aim to achieve peace among nations and security which may lead to economic stability. The difference is that the former failed as history narrates, and the latter still exists and continuously binding nations for a better and peaceful world to live in. It also has its flaws and negative approach to some activists who are against some processes the organization implements but we can only hope that their advocacy for peace may succeed. League of Nations To put an end to the World War I, an international organization was formed. This was called The League of Nations. The organization was founded by signing peace agreements. The aim of the League was to uphold harmony and safety among international countries. The First World War resulted to the League of Nations in a way that it made people realize that there is a need for prevention of another catastrophe (League of Nations). Its philosophy is sincere and its legacy will continue on for the next hundred years. However its foundation became weak and has not proven that it can prevent future world wars. The League failed to have its own armed forces. It was very much dependent on Great Powers on inflicting decrees. Also, the Great Powers still had the control on which sanctions chosen by the League would be implemented. The League was also not capable of deciding whether or not to accept taxes. Furthermore, the United Kingdom and France were hesitant on choosing military sanctions by the League. These two nations are the most powerful members of the League. League of Nations failed to achieve its mission. They should have successfully met their goals of preventing war, by means of collective security, diplomatic negotiations in calming down disputes between nations and developing global welfare (Sambasivam). The League of Nations back then had three principal structures: the assembly, the council, and the secretariat. The assembly is the central body of the League. Each state’s representative made up the assembly. They conducted meeting every year. They were responsible in making resolutions and legal advisories. The council is a sub-group of the representatives but they were apart from the assembly. Their role was to intercede and straighten out between disputing countries. The secretariat was the office of the General Secretary. He was the overall in-charge of the League and responsible for its every action. It also established mandates which refer to territories defeated in the war. It formally took away sovereignty of the controlling states then transfer mandatory powers to individual states among the Allied Powers (League of Nations). Due to the right of the members to represent each of their nations, they ended up protecting their own interests and lost its dedication to the goals of the League. The outbreak of World War I would be the effect of these weaknesses and failure to convince leaders lost its supposedly powerful grip. The League of Nations would have met the dream of races of all nations all over the world of a better place to live in. The United Nations Taking over that job, after thirty years of eventual failures, is the United Nations. All services, mandates, and property were turned over to them. Founded after World War II and came into being on October 1945, it hopes to continue the vision of the past assembly for peace and security, social progress, and guide minorities and the common people of their awareness of their human rights (History of the United Nations) . The United Nations has a more comprehensive and in-depth approach to matters concerning all nations. According to the official website of UN, the union intends to uphold respect among human races and their rights and keep and preserve the environment. It also gives attention the improvement of living standards, and fight against disease. Furthermore, agencies of UN delineate standards for safely and economically air traveling. It also deals with illegal drugs selling and terrorism through worldwide campaigns. Aside from these issues, UN also gives assistance to refugees and develops strategies in clearing up landmines. Essentially, the union also provides opportunities towards the stability of global interdependence and national sovereignty. It also encourages interests among countries when tackling international problems (â€Å"UN in Brief†). Compared to the League of Nations, UN has opened its doors to all nations, advocates of peace who are willing to comply with obligations presented in the Charter. The attitude of the members greatly affects the decision of the General Assembly, by the recommendation of the Security Council. It has a more systematic structure based on five principal branches. These are UN General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, and International Court of Justice respectively. It designates committees to address issues on peace and security, peacekeeping, human rights, humanitarian assistance, international development, and bureaucratic inefficiency (â€Å"How the UN Works†). Conclusion The League of Nations was a failure and ineffective with its performance as an assembly that might have prevented World War II. Eventually, the United Nations inherited the crisis of warring nations. UN, up to this day has continued to maintain its ability in deploying armed forces of its member nations as peacekeepers. It engages in peacekeeping and not only deals with issues of politics but also displays empathy and reaches out to other cultures through humanitarian missions. United Nations was structured as in the first place to assemble a more effective body compared to the League. Apparently, it has succeeded in calling for its nation members to give contributions with regards to armed inventions. However, in some instances unavoidable, it has been relying on economic commendations for funding.   The dream continues. The UN founders envision a pleasant world to live, wherein there would be absence of conflicts and wars between nations. It is a fact that the vision is not yet realized until this day. Conflicts continue that rages across the globe. Countries decide to break-up and the dominance of leadership brings out further challenges for the United Nations. REFERENCES: History of the United Nations. United Nations, 2000. How the UN Works. United Nations, 2000. League of Nations. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 6th ed: Columbia University Press, 2007. League of Nations. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security.: The Gale Group, Inc., 2004. Sambasivam, Sivakami. Lessons from World War II. 2006. â€Å"UN in Brief†: United Nations, 2000.

United States Cuba Relations And The Economies Politics Essay

United States Cuba Relations And The Economies Politics Essay Economic sanctions can be and are a valuable tool for enforcing international norms and protecting our national interests. The U.S. Policy of applying economic pressure in Cuba originated soon after Fidel Castro came into power in 1959. The United States first imposed a full trade embargo on Cuba on February 3, 1962, after the Kennedy Administration became convinced that Castro was moving rapidly toward the establishment of a totalitarian regime in alliance with the Soviet Union. Castro had not only confiscated U.S. and other Cuban and foreign-owned properties on the island, but had been providing indiscriminate support for violent revolution throughout the Americas as part of his efforts to carry on the continental struggle against the Yankees, which he considers to be his true destiny. The embargo was formally begun by President, John F. Kennedy, and has been supported by all successive Presidents. The U.S. embargo has had a major impact on the Cuban economy involving trade, wages, and jobs; and in addition, it has affected many United States businesses both directly and indirectly. The Helms-Burton Act is one of the major bills regarding trade with Cuba, and it has encountered much opposition and controversy both in the United States and abroad. Only recently was the news media ban in Cuba lifted allowing American journalists to get news from within Cuba. Health care in Cuba is also a major concern and is strongly affected by the Cuban Embargo. Our policy on Cuba is illustrative of one of the principal goals of economic sanctions-to encourage our friends and allies to adopt policies that can advance our common interests. Our allies and trading partners disagree with our embargo and have urged us to alter the provisions of the Libertad Act, also known as the Helms-Burton Act named after its principal sponsors. Cubas economy is in complete disarray as a direct result of Castros insistence on adhering to a discredited economic model-that of communism. The impact of the U.S. embargo was offset during the Cold War years by five to six billion dollars in subsidies a year from Russia. The economic problems in Cuba were exacerbated by the demise of the Soviet Union. The U.S.S.R. annually gave nearly five billion dollars in subsidies to the Castro government. However, the communist regime dedicated a bulk of these funds to maintaining an over-sized military machine and to a massive internal security apparatus. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba suffered a 35% decline in its gross domestic product between 1989 and 1993 (see chart), revealing an inherently dysfunctional economy. Food shortages and failure to provide basic public services incited disturbances that began to threaten the regime. In order for the communist government to survive, they had to undertake certain limited economic reforms because of these problems coupled with the continuing embargo. In the mid-1990s, the Cuban government began to allow private citizens to offer certain services under strict government scrutiny. Then in 1997, they introduced heavy taxes that forced many of these people out of business. In this sector, employment peaked at 206,000 in 1996, and then fell to 170,000 in 1997. The Cuban government has actively encouraged foreign investment, but forbids private investment by Cuban citizens, leaving it hostile to private enterprise. Not until 1993, did the Cuban government make it legal for Cubans to possess U.S. dollars. Since then, it has become the major currency. Failure by the communists to launch major economic reforms has fostered the development of a large black market and vividly growing corruption. Those with access to dollars can purchase imported goods at government-run dollar stores. To earn dollar tips, many skilled persons, such as doctors, teachers, engineers, and scientists are working in more remedial jobs in restaurants or as taxi drivers. Nevertheless, the Cuban government has not employed any credible effort to adopt market-based policies and continues to keep tight control over the highly centralized economy. Over 80% of the work force are employed by the state. To encourage a democratic transition in Cuba, Congress passed the Cuban Democracy Act (CDA) in 1992, which tightened the embargo by prohibiting American owned or controlled subsidiaries located abroad from doing business with Cuba. The sanctions will also have an unanticipated indirect effect on the American economy too. In addition to the immediate impact of sanctions on trade with the target, Cuba, many American businesses will suffer. American businessmen claim that the effects of even limited unilateral trade sanctions will go well beyond the targeted sectors. They also argue that the effects of such action will tend to linger long after the embargo is lifted because U.S. forms will come to be regarded as unreliable suppliers. Exports lost today may mean lower exports after the sanctions are lifted because U.S. firms will not be able to supply complementary parts, replacement parts, or related technologies. These indirect effects may extend beyond the sanctioned products and even beyond the time period in which the sanctions are imposed. Jobs in the export sector of the economy tend to pay better than the average wages. Thus even in the full employment economy that the U.S. is enjoying now, the loss of exports still means a loss in wages-the export wage sector premium. The export sector wage premium is about 12 to 15 percent, taking into account both direct and indirect employment. In 1995, the average salary in the manufacturing sector was about $34,020, so the premium paid by the export sector was about $4080 per worker (12% of $34,020). What these figures mean is that, as a consequence of U.S. sanctions, workers probably lost between $800 million and $1 billion in export sector wage premiums in 1995. In some periods in the last two decades, when the U.S. economy was not flourishing with full employment, and when jobs were not readily available, the loss of these exports may have added to the unemployment rolls. But even if the loss of exports had a zero effect on unemployment, it certainly reduced the number of good paying jobs. If the next twenty years see similar applications of sanctions in the United States, the cumulative loss of wage premiums could be around $20 billion (20 years times roughly $1billion a year). This is a heavy cost for us, and does not even take into account less tangible costs like making U.S. companies seem unreliable as suppliers and handing over business to foreign competitors. U.S. businesses are alarmed by the proliferation of trade sanctions by federal, state, and local governments and are pushing for legislation making it harder to use commerce as a weapon in international disputes. USA*Engage and its 632 businesses and organization members argue that unilateral trade sanctions rarely work, and often, they do backfire and have a bad affect ion American interests. Most of the analysis of the effectiveness of economic sanctions suggests they have limited utility for changing the behavior or governments of target countries. Previous research at the Institute for International Economics concluded that US sanctions had positive outcomes in fewer than one in five cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Much less is known about the costs of economic sanctions for the U.S. economy. Foreign investment in Cuba has failed abysmally to meet the regimes own expectations. Many of the countries that had committed investment hardly reached what they had actually promised (see chart below). Originally targeted at $500 million per year when new measures to attract foreign investment were introduced in 1990, the three-year investment total (FY 90-91 to 92-93) barely reached $500 million. For thirty years, the United States had a media ban restricting the media from having outposts in Cuba. American news bureaus were closed down in Cuba in 1969 when Castros government expelled the last members of the Associated Press who had been operating in the country. Almost thirty years later, in February 1997, President Clinton stated that ten news organizations would receive licenses allowing them to resume operations in Cuba. The decision to lift the news media restrictions came at a time when questions concerning relations with Cuba began to cause policy rifts between the United States and our European allies. Despite this minor concession made by the White House concerning the media networks, the policies of the Clinton Administration remained avidly anti-Castro. Clintons main intentions concerning Cuba are to promulgate democratic reforms in the government and bring an end to four decades of communism in Cuba. During Clintons first term in office, he signed into law, a bill that imposed sanctions on any country that chose to do business with the Castro government, the Helms-Burton Act. Our European allies argued that the law was an attempt by the United States to control the foreign policies of other countries. And they vowed to challenge the law before the newly formed World Trade Organization (WTO). After Cuban fighter jets shot down two passenger planes without warning in February 1996, President Clinton showed no hesitation in signing this bill into law. Part of his intentions were to send Cuba a powerful message that the United States will not tolerate further loss of American life, as Clinton stated himself. The bill targets companies doing business in Cuba in an attempt to block crucial international investment sought by the Cuban government. It allows Americans to sue companies that profit from the property the Cuban government has confiscated in the past 35 years, a stipulation many U.S. allies have shown opposition for. One of the major reasons for the imposition of the embargo was the Cuban Governments failure to compensate thousands of U.S. companies and individuals whose properties, large and small, were confiscated after the revolution. They specifically targeted and took property owned by U.S. nationals. Under the Cuba claims programs in the 1960s, the U.S. Foreign Claims Settlement Commission certified 5,911 valid claims by U.S. nationals against the Government of Cuba. The Castro government also took property from thousands of Cubans, some of whom have since become U.S. citizens. Under the law, any person who makes use of property confiscated from Americans by Castros government can be denied entry into the United States. Cuban-American Representative Ileana Ros-Lechtin, R-Florida, said the bill will penalize those who have become Castros new patron saints: the foreign investors who callously traffic in American confiscated property in Cuba to profit from the misery of the Cuban worker. The bill also urges the president to seek an international embargo against Cuba, but currently, no other economic power observes an embargo. Cuba doesnt seem very concerned though. The main victim of this law will be the United States itself, said Paul Taladrid, Cubas deputy minister for foreign investment, because it will have to face the opposition of the r est of the world, or its closest allies. Although many U.S. allies oppose parts of the policy, they have said that they agree with us on the key goal of encouraging democracy and human rights in Cuba. Even when supporting Cubas resolution at the UN General Assembly against the U.S. embargo of Cuba, The European Union made clear its opposition to Cubas human rights policies. The best known and most controversial parts of the Act are Title III and Title IV which created a private cause of action in U.S. Courts and prohibits visas and entry into the United States to those who traffic in confiscated property claimed by a U.S. national. The provisions extend well beyond Americas legal reach. These provisions prompted the European Union to initiate a complaint against the U.S. in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Canada and Mexico called for consultations under the provisions of NAFTA. Many think that the Act is a misguided principle; critics claim that it attempts to undermine the regime of Castro by depriving him of hard currency. This is futile, not only because the U.S. finds itself alone in its policy of isolating Cuba; although sometimes a lonely policy may be the right one. Both Canada, the biggest investor in the island country, and the European Union are still poised to retaliate against the United States. American allies reject the idea of making foreign policy under threat of lawsuit. Although the United States has such a problem with other countries not backing the embargo, an embarrassing example is still extant. After the foundation of the state of Israel, an Arab boycott penalized foreign firms for doing business with the new state. America rightly opposed this policy; now it must prepare to reverse itself. U.S. allies in Europe and Latin-America are livid over Helms-Burton; by what right, they ask, do U.S. Courts presume to impose sanctions against foreigners doing their own business in Cuba? Several of these countries have passed counteracting laws allowing their citizens to sue in their courts if Helms-Burton cases are brought against them in the United States. All this does is leave a potential legal rats nest benefiting nobody but the lawyers. Helms-Burton in section 306(b) gives the President authority to suspend the provisions allowing lawsuits against traffickers for successive periods of six months if he finds that such a step is necessary to the national interests of the United States and will expedite the transition to democracy in Cuba. President Clinton has already exercised this option several times to appease the dissention from our allies. We have been able to manage this serious disagreement with our close allies and trading partners and advance the promotion of democracy in Cuba. Under Secretary Eizenstat reached an Understanding with the EU in April 1997 under which the EU agreed to suspend its WTO case and step up its efforts to promote democracy in Cuba. The parties also agreed to negotiate disciplines on property confiscated in contravention of international law, including property in Cuba, and principles on conflicting jurisdictions. These discussions are in a crucial phase and, if an agreement is reached, the Administration will discuss with Congress the possibility of obtaining authority to waive Title IV of the Act. There is a large body of misconceptions about the present state of health care in Cuba, including the false accusation that it is the U.S. policy to deny medicine or medical supplies and equipment to the Cuban people. The end of Soviet subsidies forced Cuba to face the real costs of its health care system. Unwilling to adopt the economic changes necessary to reform its dysfunctional economy, the Castro government quickly faced a large budget deficit. In response, the Cuban Government made a deliberate decision to continue to spend money to maintain its military and internal security apparatus at the expense of other priorities including health care. In 1995, Cubas imports totaled $2.8 billion dollars, yet only $46 million dollars only 1.5% of overall foreign purchaseson medical imports for its 11 million people. By comparison, Cubas neighbor, the Dominican Republic, spent $208 million dollars on medical imports for its 7.5 million citizens in 1995. The US embargo does NOT deny medicines and medical supplies to the Cuban people. As stipulated in Section 1705 of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, the U.S. Government routinely issues licenses for the sale of medicine and medical supplies to Cuba. The only requirement for obtaining a license is to arrange for end-use monitoring to ensure that there is no reasonable likelihood that these items could be diverted to the Cuban military, used in acts of torture or other human rights abuses, or re-exported or used in the production of biotechnological products. Independent non-governmental organizations, international organizations, or foreign diplomats can perform monitoring of sales. Since 1992, 36 of 38 license requests have been approved to U.S. companies and their subsidiaries to sell medicine and medical equipment to Cuba. Sales have included such items as thalamonal, depo-provera, pediatric solutions, syringes, and other items. The Department of Commerce declined the other two requests for licenses it received for failure to meet legal standards. Both of these exceptions to the general policy of approving commercial medical sales occurred in 1994. Moreover, the U.S. embargo on Cuba affects only U.S. companies and their subsidiaries. Other nations and companies are free to trade with Cuba. Should Cuba choose not to purchase from the U.S., it can purchase any medicine or medical equipment it needs from other countries. Such third-country transactions only cost an estimated 2%-3% more than purchases from the U.S. as a result of higher shipping costs. In closing, the essential element of the tragedy of the Cuban people is not the United States-Cuba conflict; rather, it is the struggle of eleven million people who seek to assert their human dignity and reclaim the inalienable political, economic and civil rights that were taken away from them by the Castro regime. The Cuban people have been victims of one of the most oppressive regimes of the twentieth century. The systematic violation in Cuba of each and every human right recognized in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been faithfully documented in recent years at the UN Human Rights Commission and by respected human rights organizations throughout the world. The truth is there for all that wish to see. Impervious to the deplorable living conditions of the people, the asphyxiating lack of liberty, and to repeated international calls for democratic change, Castro staunchly clings onto the reins of absolute power. Yet, despite the regimes relentless repres sion, those on the island are courageously demonstrating their commitment to change with increasing resolve. The U.S. economic embargo against the Castro regime has weakened its capability to repress this universal desire for freedom and is an expression of moral support that strengthens the will of those who seek to wrestle from the hands of a dictator the destiny of a whole nation.

Fly Away Peter :: essays research papers

'The characters of Imogen, Ashley and Jim counter the despair created by war'. Discuss. This idea of a countenance between the peaceful world of the sanctuary and the the chaotic world of war is one adapted by many, and with good reason. Through his novel, Malouf seeks to convey to the reader various themes. This is cleverly done in a number of ways, just one of which is this juxtaposition of the relationship between Imogen, Ashley and Jim and how it represents a peaceful world, and the 'despair created by war', its destructive nature and the effect it has on the world. The bond between Imogen, Ashley and Jim is founded on their passionate interest and love of the birds, and the individual gifts that each brings to that interest: Jim's special knowledge, Imogen's photography and Ashley's sense of the land and nature. The relationship between the three reflects the calm, balanced and tranquil order of the natural world. Their appreciation of the 'primitive power' of the bush represents a harmony, it goes 'beyond mere convention or the law'. Malouf, in creating such a powerful representation of the natural world, has prepared us well for the impact of war. The relationship established between Imogen, Ashley and Jim in the first half of the novel is skilfully juxtaposed with the trauma and upheaval of war in the second half. It is indeed a stark contrast to the tranquility of the sanctuary. The 'catastrophe' and 'madness' of the war hearlds Jim's 'fall from innocence'. This provides a dramatic contrast in mood, setting and action from the harmonious peace of the sanctuary section. The 'natural cycle of things' that Jim has been so in tune to has disappeared with the disturbance and destructive nature of war. Throughout the latter half of the novel, during which Jim is caught like a fly in the web of war, the layers of discontent are evident - disharmony is a constant theme. This is made far more apparent through the way in which Malouf uses Jim as a reference to the old world, when everything was ordered and followed a pattern. Jim was there because of the unnatural act of war, but as 'a kind of private reassurance for himself alone', there is 'the presence of the birds'. This allows him 'to find his way back at times to a natural cycle of things that the birds still followed undisturbed'.

The Reagen and Bush Presidencies Essay -- Comapre Contrast Comparison

INTRODUCTION It is widely accepted that George Bush Snr. was forced to play out his presidency in the mighty shadow of Ronald Reagan. Reagan's charm and personality was one of his greatest strengths and, even now, is widely revered for his time as President. Bush was reportedly always conscious of people's expectations of him in view of his predecessor and this burden seemed to weigh heavily. Reagan's achievements in Washington were considerable, if not in number then in impact. His political and strategic skills were impressive and Bush cannot be said to have equalled his achievements at home, and this is borne out by Bush's failure to win re-election. Nevertheless Bush made some staggeringly important contributions to the international arena and is deeply respected for his part in world events where there is every reason to suspect that Reagan would not have been. The huge differences between the two are even more interesting given that Bush was a dutiful Vice President to Reagan for eight years and sought on gaining office only to take over where he left off. Bush did not set out to ring the changes between Reagan and himself; quite the opposite. He purported to be the archetypal guardian president; consolidating Reagan's good work and continuing to steer America on the same path. So why then did they turn out to be such almost polar opposites? This essay explores the realms of domestic politics, vision and leadership and international issues with the focus on drawing comparison between the two men and their styles of leadership and analysing in each instance who may have been the more effective president. I will conclude that, regardless of actual achievements real success in presidential terms depends on successful handling of the media, an area Reagan understood and Bush never would. IMAGE, PERSONALITY, AND MEDIA RELATIONS It is almost universally agreed that Ronald Reagan's greatest strength, certainly early in his first term and arguably until he left office was his ability to communicate with the American people. He won the presidency not only on his package of radical reforms at a time when the current policy orthodoxies had failed the Americans (along with most of the rest of the western world), but on his winsome personality, his awesome eloquence and his considerable charisma. A direct comparison with Margaret Thatcher can ... ...symbolism than the vast disconnect between what people close to Bush perceive about the man and what much of the public ultimately believed" Reagan, on the other hand, is remembered not only for his reforms in policy, but overwhelmingly for the connection he managed to achieve with the American voting public. This not only secures him a place in fond memory but was ultimately what allowed him to achieve that which he did whilst in office; "In the modern era, the presidential image is tantamount to reality" . Where Bush might easily have been the better President given the requisite media talents and a little more political sophistication, in fact Reagan came out of his term of office the more successful of the two. BIBLIOGRAPHY Â · Kellerman, B., 'The Political Presidency', Ch. 11; (1984) Â · Light, P., 'The President's Agenda' Chs. 10, 11, 12; (1999) Â · Mervin, D., 'George Bush and the Guardianship Presidency', Chs. 2, 9; (1996) Â · Rose, R., 'The Post-Modern Presidency', Ch. 15; (1991) Â · Rozell, M. J., 'In Reagan's Shadow: Bush's Antirhetorical Presidency', Presidential Studies Quarterly; (Winter 1998) Â · Wildavsky, A., 'The Beleaguered Presidency', ch. 12; (1994)

The Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality Essay -- Gender, argum

According to Johnny Weir, â€Å"Masculinity is what you believe it to be... [it is] all by perception, [I believe] masculinity and femininity is something that is very old-fashioned... [there is a] whole new generation of people who aren’t defined by their race or their sex or who they like to sleep with.† This statement exemplifies the definition of gender as a concept; gender is the expectations of a sex according to the culture of society. Sexuality, within this definition of gender, reflects society’s expectations, which are created in relation to the opposite sex. The variances between cultures means that gender expectations change within different cultures. These expectations put pressure on each member of society to conform and abide by the folkways of their own culture. The creation of gender expectations by society creates a restricting definition of gender roles and sexuality that vary from culture to culture. Society created the role of gender and created an emphasis on the differences between the two genders. Alma Gottlieb states: â€Å"biological inevitability of the sex organs comes to stand for a perceived inevitability of social roles, expectations, and meanings† (Gottlieb, 167). Sex is the scientific acknowledgment that men and women are biologically different; gender stems from society’s formation of roles assigned to each sex and the emphasis of the differences between the two sexes. The creation of meanings centers on the expectations of the roles each sex should fill; society creates cultural norms that perpetuate these creations. Gender blurs the lines between the differences created by nature and those created by society (Gottlieb, 168); gender is the cultural expectations of sexes, with meaning assigned to the diff... ...le or female actually identifies with their prescribed role depends on the socialization process and the way they identify with society’s expectations of them. The social construction of gender and sexuality all rely on the measure that people believe there is a difference between the two sexes, once this emphasis is taken away, is when gender roles will no longer play an integral role in the structure of society. Works Cited Gottlieb, Alma. "Interpreting Gender and Sexuality: Approaches from Cultural Anthropology." Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines. Ed. Jeremy MacClancy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Kilbourne, Jean. Killing Us Softly. Media Education Foundation, 2010. Lancaster, Roger N. Life is Hard, Machismo, Danger, and the Intimacy of Power in Nicaragua. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992. The Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality Essay -- Gender, argum According to Johnny Weir, â€Å"Masculinity is what you believe it to be... [it is] all by perception, [I believe] masculinity and femininity is something that is very old-fashioned... [there is a] whole new generation of people who aren’t defined by their race or their sex or who they like to sleep with.† This statement exemplifies the definition of gender as a concept; gender is the expectations of a sex according to the culture of society. Sexuality, within this definition of gender, reflects society’s expectations, which are created in relation to the opposite sex. The variances between cultures means that gender expectations change within different cultures. These expectations put pressure on each member of society to conform and abide by the folkways of their own culture. The creation of gender expectations by society creates a restricting definition of gender roles and sexuality that vary from culture to culture. Society created the role of gender and created an emphasis on the differences between the two genders. Alma Gottlieb states: â€Å"biological inevitability of the sex organs comes to stand for a perceived inevitability of social roles, expectations, and meanings† (Gottlieb, 167). Sex is the scientific acknowledgment that men and women are biologically different; gender stems from society’s formation of roles assigned to each sex and the emphasis of the differences between the two sexes. The creation of meanings centers on the expectations of the roles each sex should fill; society creates cultural norms that perpetuate these creations. Gender blurs the lines between the differences created by nature and those created by society (Gottlieb, 168); gender is the cultural expectations of sexes, with meaning assigned to the diff... ...le or female actually identifies with their prescribed role depends on the socialization process and the way they identify with society’s expectations of them. The social construction of gender and sexuality all rely on the measure that people believe there is a difference between the two sexes, once this emphasis is taken away, is when gender roles will no longer play an integral role in the structure of society. Works Cited Gottlieb, Alma. "Interpreting Gender and Sexuality: Approaches from Cultural Anthropology." Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines. Ed. Jeremy MacClancy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Kilbourne, Jean. Killing Us Softly. Media Education Foundation, 2010. Lancaster, Roger N. Life is Hard, Machismo, Danger, and the Intimacy of Power in Nicaragua. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992.

Year-Round Schooling

Year-round school presents a very controversial issue that school districts struggle with every year. The same arguments, facts, and statistics are presented annually, and somehow a conclusion is never reached. Many people believe that year-round school would be a step in the right direction. Although there are many positive innovations to year-round school, the advantages do not outweigh the disadvantages of cost, breaks, vacations, employment, and scheduling. The traditional school calendar as been the same since the 1800s. This calendar is the traditional 180-day system with a two month break for summer. It was not operated on the year-round system way back when because farmers needed their children in the summertime to help tend the farms. Many people believe that this traditional style should change because it is outdated, but why should we change the schedule that our ancestors made if it still works without any flaws? Year-round school operates on a 180-day system, the same as the traditional calendar. The main difference between the two systems is the amount of time on break. There are many forms of the year-round calendar, as each individual school district may choose whichever plan they believe will fit their schools the best. The most popular examples of these schedules include: 45-15, 60-20, and 90-30 (Kelly). These represent the number of days attending school to the number of days off. These schedules would repeat over and over year-round, so the students would only get small breaks periodically throughout the year. Although these periodic breaks would add up to the same amount of days students would get off during a summer break, research says it would not help the academic achievement of the students. In other words, it is not how long the kids are in the classroom, it is how engaged in learning they are while there are there (Morin). Another example of why year-round schooling would not be a good idea is because it would separate American families that are used to traditional summer vacations. Families have always been accustomed to planning summer activities like vacations, reunions, and summer camps. If students were in school for the greater part of the summer, it would make it very difficult for families to plan these activities and typical childhood memories would get lost in the shuffle of year-round school. It is very important for children's development to spend quality time with family and friends and with year-round schooling, this simply would not happen. Not only would it make hurt your average family during the summer, it would also hurt the school's employees. Year-round school would put more demand on school staff such as cafeteria, custodial and maintenance services because they would have to make special accommodations for events such as graduation and dances. Also, teachers who would usually continue their own educational careers during the summertime would have to find alternate forms of education due to their now unusable schedule (Vandewater). Along with significant disadvantages, there are also distinct advantages associated with year-round schooling. Some year-round school advocates suggest that a shift in the time designated for teaching and learning will help students achieve more by minimalizing summer learning loss, allowing for innovation and implementation of creative programs, and by providing the time needed to assist children who need extra help (Lynch). By having breaks that are more consistent, some say that shorter vacations might also help students retain information they would've forgot over a two-month break. Basically, shortening breaks will improve student achievement. Another pro would be how year-round schooling could replace summer school, which many districts have cancelled due to budget cuts. For students that traditionally attend summer school because they need remediation, year-round school allows remediation to be addressed throughout the year. In conclusion, schools shouldn't convert to year-round schooling because it wouldn't help any with learning loss over summer break, it would separate families by discontinuing the traditional childhood summer, and it would hurt the schools' employees. Although year-round schooling sounds as if it might have some potential, there are too many flaws involved with it right now to confirm that it would making schooling better.

Passing-Death of Clare Essay

The death of Clare at the end of Nella Larsen’s Passing though left unclear was, in my opinion, caused by Irene pushing her out of the window. Nella Larsen does not specify what exactly happened, but Irene pushing Clare out of the window seems like the most plausible one. I don’t know whether Larsen intentionally left the ending so abruptly but I just feel as if Irene was the one to kill Clare. Larsen makes this point clear through the phrasing she uses when describing the self-esteem destruction Irene undergoes once Clare has reinserted herself into Irene’s life, and the situations Irene finds herself as a direct result of Clare. Prior to Clare’s reentrance into her life Irene is a self-assured, independent, and confident woman; however, she soon turns self-conscious, dependent, and hesitant. When viewing Clare at the hotel Irene is struck by Clare’s beauty stating, â€Å"She’s really almost too good-looking â€Å"(Larsen 27). The word â€Å"good-looking† shows that Clare is beautiful, however, it is the addition of the word â€Å"too† that indications that Irene feels inferior to Clare’s beauty. Clare embodies beauty, as she is â€Å"too good-looking†. When Clare requests her presence at tea Irene fears Clare will not believe that she had a previous engagement. Larsen writes, â€Å"She was afraid Clare would not believe it† (Larsen 27). It seems foolish that Irene should care what Clare believes of her integrity. Irene’s self-esteem not only continues to deteriorate, but displays of internalized racism begin to present themselves through illogical thought and irrationality. Irene describes Brian in the same way she does Clare as, â€Å"extremely good-looking† (Larsen 77). Irene, does not view herself as â€Å"good-looking†, therefore she believes herself unworthy of Brian an â€Å"extremely good-looking† man, so she assumes Brian and Clare are engaging in an affair. Despite assurances from Brian that he does not view Clare as â€Å"extraordinarily beautiful†, Irene remains convinced that they have engaged in a relationship. As an African-American woman Irene must contend with the ideology that she is not worthy because of her complexion. Clare’s presence in her life forces Irene to face feelings of inferiority. Though Clare is African-American she lives her life as a white woman. Irene no longer views Clare as African-American, but a white woman who threatens her life. White women are believed to be the epitome of beauty, so why would Brian, when presented with the best, not choose the finest option according to society? Larsen writes, â€Å"Irene Redfield wished, for the first time in her life she  had not been born a Negro† (151). Larsen includes the word â€Å"first† to inform readers that Clare is the cause for Irene’s internalized racism. She had never before contemplated what it would be like to have been born of another ethnicity. Clare forces Irene to feel inferior within her own home because she is not white. She is told everyday by society that she is inferior because of her skin color and now because of Clare she must return home and struggle with the knowledge she is not worthy of her husband because she is not white. While Clare never voices her emotions to Irene, she fears Clare; though she never verbalizes this fact Larsen shows it by writing, â€Å"A conviction that the words were intended as a warning took possession of Irene† (Larsen 166). Irene is in her own home, yet she feels Clare somehow â€Å"possessing† her. Larsen creates an image of an innocent person forced into a situation. The word possession implies a lack of choice and that Irene feels lesser. In Irene’s eye Clare is not a woman who passes, but a white woman whose presence in her home threatens the comfort and security of her life. Irene has managed to eradicate all knowledge that Clare is actually a biracial woman â€Å"passing† as white, allowing her to see Clare as she views all white women in society, as threats. Larsen indications this when saying, â€Å"she was aware that, to her, security was the most important and desired thing in life† (169). Towards the end of the book, after Irene runs into John Bellew, she begins to think about Clare and John divorcing. And Larsen writes, â€Å"Then came a thought which she tried to drive away. If Clare should die! Then – Oh, it was too vile! To think, yes, to wish that! She felt faint and sick. But the thought stayed with her. She could not get rid of it† (101). The thoughts that Larsen has Irene thinking makes it seem as if Irene wants Clare dead. If she really cared about her she would never have thought about her dying and if she had for some reason then the thought would not have stayed with her. Later on in the same scene, Larsen writes, â€Å"She turned her face to into her pillow to cry. But no tears came† (101). I think that if Irene really felt bad about her thoughts, she would have cried about it. When Irene finally realized that Clare had died she had so many thoughts in her head. Larsen writes, â€Å"It was an accident, a terrible accident,’ she muttered fiercely. ‘It was† (112). The inclusion of that last line, the italicized â€Å"was† makes it seem as if Irene was trying to reassure herself that it wasn’t her fault. And then she goes on thinking about whether she  should have stayed or not because she knew that people would eventually find her body and ask questions. In a few sentences Larsen establishes that Irene is self-conscious about what Clare will think of her, dependent on the approval of Clare, and hesitant to make a decision for fear of what Clare might choose to believe. Irene’s destruction continues as Clare inserts herself into Irene’s inner circle of family and friends. Irene went from having a good head on her shoulders to becoming a paranoid jealous women; which leads readers to believe that Irene pushed Clare.

My life In Hong Kong Essay

Dr. Jose P. Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, had said, â€Å"Ang taong hindi marunong tumingin sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating sa patutunguhan.†[1]   One must always know how to go back to one’s roots.   The essence of one’s life is greatly reflected by the ability to remember the path taken to get to where one is headed.   One’s achievements are also highlighted by the reflections brought about by the environment that shaped one’s own vision and mission in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At this point in my life, where career opportunities are being shot at me from every direction, indecisiveness slowly creeps in to the corners of my mind:   what do I really want to do?   And one answer always keeps coming up:   I want to change the world.   Clichà ©, yes.   Probably impossible as well.   However, all grand actions in this world began with baby steps.   As for me, this research paper is my very own baby step.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite still being undecided as to what the conclusion to my studies would be, as to what career path I would take, as to which country I would serve, this research paper will aid me in whatever ministry I decide to do. This research paper will lay down the path of understanding diverse professional and career opportunities.   If I decide to enter the corporate world and work under its marketing, sales or any other economics-related division, this research paper will bring about a deeper understanding of the economic policies of Hong Kong – why Chinese products and services are more acceptable to Hong Kong companies, rather than those offered by other countries, especially the United States and Great Britain.   If I do decide to enter a career in the academe, this research will pave the way for a deeper understanding of colonization, state freedom, and shifts in political, economic, social and cultural environments. On a personal level, this paper will help me understand immigrants in a deeper sense.   Just like Hong Kong nationals, immigrants experience a change in environment, and the struggle to balance embracing a brand new culture and holding on to age-old traditions passed from generation to generation. Either way, this research paper will not go to waste as it brought me back to the place that gave birth to my being. It’s been a long time since I’ve lived in Hong Kong.   Many times, I forget what it means to be Chinese – choosing a burger over dumplings and noodles, partying in Times Square on the eve of the new year and yet sleeping through the eve of Chinese New Year, not calling my family during holidays or even just to tell them how I am doing.   Living in a foreign country brings about either one of two things: craving to go back home or completely forgetting what home is like.   This research paper made me go through a journey that I was trying to evade – to remember where I came from. It is not easy to do a paper on a place that had been a part of my life.   And yet the perspective brought into the paper is the perspective of a third person – one who is not a Hong Kong local, Chinese national or British citizen.   This research paper on Hong Kong is done by someone from Hong Kong and yet all information and data are taken in a very objective view in order to report an unbiased analysis.   The need to present all sides of the issue is necessary for a better understanding of the conflict being presented in the paper. And this is what distinguishes this research paper from other research papers. [1] â€Å"A person who does not know how to remember where he came from will never get to where he wants to go.†

Geography of River Deltas - Formation and Importance

Geography of River Deltas - Formation and Importance A river delta is a low-lying plain or landform that occurs at the mouth of a river near where it flows into an ocean or another larger body of water. Deltas greatest importance to human activities, fish and wildlife lay in their characteristic highly fertile soil and dense, diverse vegetation. In order to fully appreciate the role deltas play in our larger ecosystem, it is first important to understand rivers. Rivers are defined as bodies of fresh water generally flowing from high elevations toward an ocean, a lake or another river; sometimes, even back into the ground. Most rivers begin at high elevations where snow, rain, and other precipitation run downhill into creeks and small streams. These small waterways flow ever farther downhill, eventually meeting to form rivers. Rivers flow toward oceans or other larger bodies of water, oftentimes combining with other rivers. Deltas exist as the lowest part of these rivers. It is in these deltas where a rivers flow slows and spreads out to create sediment-rich dry areas and biodiverse wetlands. Formation of River Deltas The formation of a river delta is a slow process. As rivers flow toward their outlets from higher elevations, they deposit mud, silt, sand, and gravel particles at the mouths where rivers and larger, more sedentary bodies of water meet. Over time these particles (called sediment or alluvium) build up at the mouth, extending into the ocean or lake. As these areas continue to grow the water becomes shallower and eventually, landforms begin to rise above the surface of the water, typically elevating to just above sea level. As rivers drop enough sediment to create these landforms or areas of raised elevation, the remaining flowing water with the most power sometimes cuts across the land, forming different branches called distributaries. Once formed, deltas are typically made up of three parts: the upper delta plain, the lower delta plain, and the subaqueous delta. The upper delta plain makes up the area nearest to land. It is usually the area with the least water and highest elevation. The lower delta plain is the middle of the delta. It is a transition zone between the dry upper delta and the wet subaqueous delta. The subaqueous delta is the portion of the delta closest to the sea or body of water into which the river flows. This area is usually past the shoreline and it is below water level. Types of River Deltas Despite the generally universal processes by which river deltas are formed and organized, it is important to note that the worlds deltas vary dramatically in structure, composition, and size due to factors such as origin, climate, geology, and tidal processes. These external factors contribute to an impressive diversity of deltas around the world. A deltas characteristics are classified based upon the specific factors contributing to its rivers deposition of sediment typically the river itself, waves or tides. The main types of deltas are wave-dominated deltas, tide-dominated deltas, Gilbert deltas, inland deltas, and estuaries. As its name would imply, a wave-dominated delta such as the Mississippi River Delta is created by wave erosion controlling where and how much river sediment remains in a delta once it has been dropped. These deltas are usually shaped like the Greek symbol, delta (∆). Tide-dominated deltas such as the Ganges River Delta are formed by tides. Such deltas are characterized by a dendritic structure (branched, like a tree) due to newly-formed distributaries during times of high water. Gilbert deltas are steeper and formed by deposition of coarse material. While it is possible for them to form in ocean areas, their formations are more commonly seen in mountainous areas where mountain rivers deposit sediment into lakes. Inland deltas are deltas formed in inland areas or valleys where rivers may divide into many branches and rejoin farther downstream. Inland deltas, also called inverted river deltas, normally form on former lake beds. Finally, when a river is located near coasts characterized by large tidal variations, they do not always form a traditional delta. Tidal variation often results in estuaries  or a river that meets the sea, such as Saint Lawrence River in Ontario, Quebec, and New York. Humans and River Deltas River deltas have been important to humans for thousands of years because of their extremely fertile soils. Major ancient civilizations grew along deltas such as those of the Nile and the Tigris-Euphrates rivers, with the inhabitants of these civilizations learning how to live with their natural flooding cycles. Many people believe that the ancient Greek historian Herodotus first coined the term delta nearly 2,500 years ago as many deltas are shaped like the Greek delta (∆) symbol. Deltas remain important to humans even today as, among many other things, a source of sand and gravel. Used in highway, building and infrastructure construction, these highly valuable materials quite literally build our world. Delta land is also important in agricultural use. Witness the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California. One of the most agriculturally diverse and productive areas in the state, the region successfully supports numerous crops from kiwi to alfalfa to tangerines. Biodiversity and Importance of River Deltas In addition to (or perhaps in defiance of) these human uses, river deltas boast some of the most biodiverse systems on the planet. As such, it is essential that these unique and beautiful havens of biodiversity remain as healthy habitat for the many species of plants, animals, insects, and fish some rare, threatened or endangered which call them home. In addition to their biodiversity, deltas and wetlands provide a buffer for hurricanes, as open land often stands to weaken the impact of storms as they travel toward larger, more populated areas. The Mississippi River Delta, for example, buffers the impact of potentially strong hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico.

Gender roles in The Color Purple Research Paper Example

Gender roles in The Color Purple Research Paper Example Gender roles in The Color Purple Paper Gender roles in The Color Purple Paper Essay Topic: The Color Purple Alice Walker in her novel The Color Purple illustrates a parallel between the gender roles of women in the early 20th century and Black slavery through the life of Celie and her interactions with Albert, as well as with Netties experiences in Africa with the Olinka tribe. Similarities reign with this book and slavery in two instances: one, Celie and some of the other womens slave-like labor that Albert and other men force them to do and two, the treatment of the women in the Olinka tribe. Celie constantly has to obey Albert, who she refers to as Mr.  for most of the novel, performing many of the jobs assigned to women during the time period as well as labor in the field. Her role in society directly correlates with the gender roles of the women of America and the Olinka tribe causing a conclusion to be made that many women were most always subordinate to men until the Womens Rights Movement. In the early 20th century, female subordination and gender roles existed all across America. These ideals presented themselves both in the South and the North although they slightly differed between the two. : Women in the South served as companions and hostesses for their husbands and mothers for their children. Their lives were generally centered around the home. Southern women on wealthy plantations became ornaments for their husbands often called plantation mistresses (Brinkley 379). George Fitzhugh, a Southern social theorist, says about Southern women, Women, like children, have but one right, and that is the right to protection. The right to protection involves the obligation to obey. (Brinkley 379). Fitzhugh states that because women are entitled to protection and all the benefits of the womens sphere, they therefore, are not entitled to govern themselves and are required to obey the husbands commands. The husbands protection authorizes him to control the actions and the entire life of his wife. Nearly a quarter of all white Southern women over 20 years old were illiterate and had little if any experience with schooling. If a Southern woman attended the little schooling that was available to her, she was generally limited to training designed to make her a more suitable wife (Brinkley 379-380). Many Southern women were left with virtually no chance of succeeding outside of their designated role as the husbands maid. In addition, women who lived on the farm normally had little contact with people outside their families; and therefore, were limited to jobs centered on the farm such as spinning, weaving, agricultural tasks, and in the time of slavery, supervising slaves (Brinkley 379). Southern women were confined to their set gender roles in a society that was dominated by males. Many of the Northern women lived by the same ideals as Southern women; however, their circumstances were often different than those of the South. Women in the North generally did not live on farms and if they did, it was only in a very rare case. This was cause for a difference with the roles that Northern women played in the home. Since they did not perform the same tasks as on the farm, their jobs were more domestic and occurred in a more urban society. Women were defined in their sphere as custodians of morality and benevolence; the home that women were confined to was simply a refuge from the harsh and competitive world (Brinkley 358). Like Southern women, Northern women were also responsible for child rearing. They were required to provide moral and religious instruction to their children in order to counterbalance the acquisitive, secular impulses of their husbands (Brinkley 358). As a result, this was one cause for jobs outside the home although they were still few. Women began to congregate towards occupations such as teachers and nurses because they coincided with the standards of the females sphere making use of a womens virtues (Brinkley 358). Many of the lower-class women also became servants for middle class homes to meet the needs of widowed womens unemployment (Brinkley 359). However different the North and the South were, they showed striking similarities in the way women were treated. Male dominance resided over both societies as well as the virtues of females and their requirements to work at the home. Virtually everywhere, women were limited to the few opportunities that were available to them. Many of the characters in The Color Purple act as the stereotype of women during this time period. The most obvious of these characters is Celie mainly with her relationship with Albert. In the novel, Celie says, Mr. _____ marry me to take care of his children. I marry him cause my daddy made me. I dont love Mr. _____ and he dont love me. (66). Celie plays the role of a child-raising wife for her husband, one of the main female gender roles of the early 20th century. Like many of the women all across the country, her main job is to serve the needs of her husband. Once more in the book, Celie tells Harpo, Alberts son, to aid her with yard work. Harpo responds harshly, Women work. Im a man. (22). Walker uses Harpo to tell the reader that the general idea for women is to work. The reader can infer that the majority of the people in this time period think of women as workers in the home. Later, Mr. ______ asks Harpo if he has ever hit his wife, Sofia. Harpo says that he has not and Mr. ______ responds, Well how you spect to make her mind? Wives is like children. You have to let em know who got the upper hand. Nothing can do that better than a good sound beating. (37). According to Celies husband, wives are supposed to serve however they are needed and if they do not, they are due harsh treatment. According to Mr. ______ and probably most other men in the early 20th century, men are considered to be better than women and are supposed to have the upper hand. The women of Africa and the Olinka tribe had very similar roles to women of the same time period in America however different or extreme they seemed to be. Miss Beasley, one of Netties teachers, describes Africa as a place overrun with savages who didnt wear clothes. (137). She portrays Africa as a dirty place, foreshadowing a place where subordination would exist. This statement is somewhat true to the clothes that women in the Olinka tribe wear. Nettie, while on her mission trip to Africa and the Olinka tribe, comments on the clothes worn by the Olinka women, then I took a look at the dresses they were wearing. Most looked like theyd been drug across the yard by pigs. (157). From this information, it is possible to infer that women in this African tribe were not cared for as well as possibly others relating to the way women were treated in America. Olinka women also had separate jobs than men. The men might hunt up to ten miles around the village, but the women stayed close to their huts and fields. (157). Women in the Olinka tribe, were required to stay close to the standards of women in their society and not venture out in to the open. They were limited to the work defined to women by their customs, much like the women in America also. Many of the young girls in the tribe were required to receive the standard tribal markings, particularly scarring and cutting tribal marks on ones face. Women also went through a female initiation ceremony to induct them into the womens separate society (245).

Free Essays on Goals Of The Peamble

Goals of the Preamble Essay There are five goals stated in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution. I really don’t think overall the goals have been met to my approval. The first one is to Establish Justice. That means to me to have great law enforcement and to punish criminals. I give that a six in rating. There is a racial bias in the court system. Their was this documentary called On A Sunday Morning. It was about this black 15-year-old boy (Brendan) on trial for murdering an old white lady. The witness was the husband. The husband identified Brendan as the killer. The boy had too much stuff up against him to prove he was not guilty, but the husband just was so sure Brendan was the killer. On that day justice was done. They found the boy not guilty and the boy sued the police for beating him also. The police handled that poorly, just because he was black and around the area after the fact it happened doesn’t mean they had the right to treat him that way. I feel as though if he were white it wouldn’t have been that way. The second one is to Insure Domestic Tr anquility. To me that mean to have peace at home and within our country, I give that a rating of three. The September 11th attacks made me feel so not safe. If people can hijack planes with box-cutters than who knows what else they could do. What also makes me feel not so safe is the sniper. He could be anywhere, you could be anywhere, and then you are gone just like that. The third one is to Provide for the Common Defense. To me this means to have an good army, I give that a rating of nine. I personally think that’s all we are doing right. I really don’t know too much about our army and navy, but I’m alive doing okay so I figure they are doing a good job. The fourth one is to Promote the General Welfare. To me this means to help for the â€Å"good† of everyone. I give this a rating of five. I mean they do help low income families a good bit, but they also don’t he... Free Essays on Goals Of The Peamble Free Essays on Goals Of The Peamble Goals of the Preamble Essay There are five goals stated in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution. I really don’t think overall the goals have been met to my approval. The first one is to Establish Justice. That means to me to have great law enforcement and to punish criminals. I give that a six in rating. There is a racial bias in the court system. Their was this documentary called On A Sunday Morning. It was about this black 15-year-old boy (Brendan) on trial for murdering an old white lady. The witness was the husband. The husband identified Brendan as the killer. The boy had too much stuff up against him to prove he was not guilty, but the husband just was so sure Brendan was the killer. On that day justice was done. They found the boy not guilty and the boy sued the police for beating him also. The police handled that poorly, just because he was black and around the area after the fact it happened doesn’t mean they had the right to treat him that way. I feel as though if he were white it wouldn’t have been that way. The second one is to Insure Domestic Tr anquility. To me that mean to have peace at home and within our country, I give that a rating of three. The September 11th attacks made me feel so not safe. If people can hijack planes with box-cutters than who knows what else they could do. What also makes me feel not so safe is the sniper. He could be anywhere, you could be anywhere, and then you are gone just like that. The third one is to Provide for the Common Defense. To me this means to have an good army, I give that a rating of nine. I personally think that’s all we are doing right. I really don’t know too much about our army and navy, but I’m alive doing okay so I figure they are doing a good job. The fourth one is to Promote the General Welfare. To me this means to help for the â€Å"good† of everyone. I give this a rating of five. I mean they do help low income families a good bit, but they also don’t he...

supreme mathmetics essays

supreme mathmetics essays Supreme Mathematics Prison changed him. An inevitability. You remember him. He was the man who caressed my back while talking to me about Asimovs Three Laws of Robotics, fractals, and the Human Genome Product. Thats right, thats him, the man who got sent away for two years for computer intrusion. The love of technology cost him his freedom. Since he had no access to a digital life, he embraced the science of the Five Percent Nation - The Nation of Gods and Earths. It was the analog to his digital. The Supreme Alphabet and Supreme Mathematics, with their concepts of degrees and numerals is what attracted him. One day, long after he`d been sent upstate, my phone rang. His beard was rough against the receiver, adding to the rawness of his voice. The Fed, aint no joke...no windows, no sun...TV, a recreation deck to occupy my time." I said nothing. His steady breathing took me back to a time when he made me breathless. "I hate computers, he said. Why? I asked. Computers di dnt hurt you, you hurt yourself, I said. He hung up. Sporadically, he would call like this, tell me about what was happening inside - mainly about his new science, and sometimes about his past. I was Clarisse Starling to his Dr. Lechter. He told me how, when he was a teen, he was an arcade junkie, how he charged up a Commodore 64 to function like a supercomputer. That was then, this is now, he would say. What was now for him? "Knowledge, Wisdom, Understanding, Culture/Freedom, Power/Refinement, Eequality, God, Build/Destroy, Born, Cipha - the science of Supreme Mathematics." He had become Science. That was his new name. One day, according to him, he was talking Five Percenter knowledge with some of his boys when he used the word "amalgam." His boy went a little bombastic on him, asking, How many nuhs know what that mean? Thats that dumb ish. My man, not...

Laborers of the 1920s essays

Laborers of the 1920's essays Laborers in the 1920's had it made. New technology and machinery produced products twice as fast and rolled in the big bucks for companies. This new technology and machinery made working life for them easier and less stressfull. There was less to do, yet they produced a lot more while doing less. In buisnesses like Ford Motor Company the new technology, which in this case was the assembly line, helped Henry Ford produce thousands of Model T's a month for the wanting public. The workers in the Ford production plants got more leisure time due to the decrease in work hours in the factories, which was made possible by the major decrease in production time. Before the inventions of the new technology and machinery in factories, workers had to put everything together by themselves using nothing but their hands. After the inventions of the new technology and machinery workers had to do less with their hands because the machines helped them out. The assembly line pushed the cars along while passing through different stations one after another. Each station had a specific task that was to be done there. Instead of of the workers hauling the car around on dollies while it was being put together the assembly line carried it along, this decreased the production time dramatically, Which helped workers get paid more because the buisness was making more. New technology brought new consistant ways of working. This for the most part, eliminated human error and brought in new, more efficient. These new products could now be mass produced because of the new machinery and inventions. The mass production helped workers produce more products which again brought in the big bucks for the company and the workers. Laborers of the 1920's also had another part of their life, their leisure time. The inventions of new products some of which they produced themselves, brought more fun and less work to their normal lives. The automobile brought a sense of ad...

Character and Caricature

Character and Caricature Character and Caricature Character and Caricature By Maeve Maddox In an NPR story about the election of Scott Brown to Ted Kennedy’s vacated Senate, a Massachusetts legislator, Jim Vallee, declared: â€Å"He’s not a one-dimensional caricature.† Caricature does not mean the same thing as character. And it is character that is often characterized (!) as being â€Å"one-dimensional.† Novelists do not want to be accused creating of one-dimensional characters: imaginary people who are entirely good or entirely evil. Real people are rarely one-dimensional. Hitler is said to have liked dogs and classical music. Hannibal Lecter enjoys a nice Chianti. In a novel, a one-dimensional hero who never has an unworthy thought, or a villain who lacks some flicker of humanity, comes across as flat and uninteresting. The OED offers nineteen definitions for the noun character. The definition that applies in the context of the Vallee quotation is: The sum of the moral and mental qualities which distinguish an individual . . . A caricature, on the other hand, is intrinsically one-dimensional, or at least lacking in depth. As an artistic rendering, a caricature exaggerates a person’s most noticeable feature. For example, Obama’s ears, Leno’s chin, Bette Davis’s eyes. Defined by the OED, a caricature is An exaggerated or debased likeness, imitation, or copy, naturally or unintentionally ludicrous. Here’s a quotation in which the word caricature is used correctly: The joy of learning is as indispensable in study as breathing is in running. Where it is lacking there are no real students, but only poor caricatures of apprentices who, at the end of their apprenticeship, will not even have a trade. Simone Weil Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"Work of Art TitlesWhat is an Anagram?

Why are tropical Countries so poor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Why are tropical Countries so poor - Essay Example As a point of clarity, in this case the term Institutions are in reference to establishments such as hospitals, schools, the military, as well as civil and media services that have been set up usually by the government to help in the everyday activities of the nation. Having given these examples, one can see how development cannot be achieved without the presence of proper institutions in place (Komives, 2005). For example, a country without efficient medical facilities would be hindered in the process of development as they fought against diseases that would no doubt attack and ravage their nation as a result (Blastland, 2009). Tropical countries are a good example of how poor institutions have hindered the progress of certain parts of the country and as a result left many of the members from that area languishing in poverty (Ravallion, Chen & Sangraula, 2008). The lack of well ground institutions such as schools especially of the higher learning category (that is, colleges and universities) in rural areas have left the members of those societies unable to match up to their counterparts in the cities and thus as a result they are unable to get well paying jobs and are limited to minimal career roles that hardly have a valid future in their prospects such as janitors and messengers (Greif, 2006). Their inability to climb up the professional ladder due to a lack of sufficient education ensures that they are not able to get higher paying jobs and better their lives in the process all as a result of a lack of proper institutions for education. The lack of proper institutions in these tropic countries have led to only a chosen few (being the financially wealthy) being able to get ahead and better their lives (Kristof, 2009). In a country like Haiti, for example, statistics show that over half the population live below the poverty line, this can be said to be because of lack of properly set up institutions in the country (Solley, 2005). The establishment of good

MGMT 4440 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

MGMT 4440 - Essay Example This can lead to more advantage over competition with better skilled human capital. It can also change the organizational culture so that workers are more team-focused. Especially if they receive rewards for their efforts, they become more motivated and faithful to the business. The end result is higher productivity if goals are linked with systems to gain consistent, dependable worker results. The value for the individual is more recognition for their worthwhile contributions and might lead to more independence at their jobs if they are proven to be dependable and meet organizational goals. The feedback provided in these systems helps them to develop their strengths and gain an understanding of the organization’s mission. Rewards associated with their contributions could also motivate them to achieve and build their self-confidence in the process. The term business is behavior means that the business is very much reliant on the skills, motivations, attitudes, and dedication of workers in order to be effective and successful. A business cannot be a thriving organization without all of the efforts of its workers and it is through their motivation and dedication that the company earns a profit. Therefore, business is behavior because without human capital and ambition, they cannot outperform competition or achieve their strategic mission or goals. The unbreakable behavior law are those beliefs that are driven by personal needs and personality factors that are part of lifelong learning. Businesses try to adapt their culture to fit a specific need, however if they conflict with these very important values or personality traits, it is likely they can never be broken. Behavior is key to quality because most businesses rely on teamwork in order to be successful, especially as the environment of business becomes more complex. Information

Urban Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Urban Policy - Research Paper Example In the end, it is important to generate a plan that meets the progressive needs of the community in such a way that benefits the residents of a given region. That should be the approach of urban policy and planning. It is not fruitful to represent only the needs of the few, but the needs of the many must be taken into account above all else. As the global community continues to grow exponentially, existing infrastructure has certainly become taxed to the limit. At the same time, the past century has seen the mass migration of individual members of society moving from rural areas of the earth to more urban environments where their needs can be better met, and where enhanced opportunities for prosperity seem to persist. This reality has necessitated urban communities the world over to activate aggressive urban planning policies in order to account for current needs, as well as to anticipate future issues that might arise. Urban planning itself is a caplet process that is often politically charged and encompasses various aspects of land use and the overall design the urban environment present in cities and major towns. This includes the implementation of appropriate air, water, and infrastructure use that creates the safest and most conducive living environment possible for inhabitants. In the modern era, urban planning al so involves the complex task of designing transportation and distribution networks throughout the region, such that the movement of large amounts of people and goods can take place with minimum disruption and impact on the environment. This can be seen in the case of the Ventura County Transportation Commission, a group of individuals tasked with managing the urban planning necessary to manage one of the most densely populated regions in the United States. The need for urban planning dates back to the early days of industry in the mid-19th century. It was

New Abortion Regulations in Virginia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New Abortion Regulations in Virginia - Essay Example Still, it has been common practice for Planned Parenthood to rally support among those who believe in pro-choice, to oppose measures that would require inspection of the organizations’ clinics or mandate health standard adherence. The argument has consistently been that following such â€Å"unnecessary† regulations would make abortions more costly for patients; or perhaps even unavailable since many of the clinics would be unable to adhere to such standards (â€Å"MyLot†). Even though abortions are controversial and many feel that they should be illegal altogether, abortion clinics should be regulated because abortions should be treated like any other surgical procedure and the new law will protect women from an unhealthy and unclean environment. Abortion clinics should be regulated, just like any other medical facility. Prior to the new legislation in Virginia, clinics were allowed to soar under the radar, so to speak. They were not subject to rigorous inspection. However, according to the Clinic Quotes Website, there have been a number of cases where a government official entered an abortion clinic, undercover, based on a tip received from an employee or patient, and have found clinics abusing their freedom.

Not working 40hr work week Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Not working 40hr work week - Research Paper Example The union is clearly correct that the company did not provide notice of offenses, as the August 2001 letter was not labeled as warning. Also, in July 2001 his shift changed and management did not explain these changes to the grievant. The grievant could easily misunderstand the hours of work change, as it stated â€Å"from 3 pm to 12 pm† not from 3 pm to 12 am. This can easily be confusing, as one portion states a 40 hour week, but the times add up to a 105 hour week. Also, the company stated that the CBA was â€Å"clear and unambiguous† which it was not. Also, the company claimed that the grievant had a history of not working the required number of hours per day (8) and he would be suspended if this continued. The grievant had not worked a full 8 hour shift since he started as a doorman. He worked from 3 pm to 11 pm with an unpaid hour for dinner. That is, again, only 7 hours. 2. The CBA provisions dictate this award because of the inaccurate times laid out in the regi stered letter. Also, the grievant was told that he â€Å"will work an 8-hour day and a 40-hour work week.† If this does not happen, he will be suspended. The letter was not a warning and could easily be perceived as a simple letter of the change of his hours of work. There was no explanation of the CBA to the grievant, leaving him to his own devices to understand the readings. 3.

Management Health Care Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Management Health Care - Term Paper Example Introduction United States healthcare system is currently undergoing a transformation. The changes that are occurring in this industry are totally unprecedented and are responsible for the changed outlook of this industry. In the United States, healthcare services are fundamentally provided by separate legal entities belong to the private sector of the country. Government also lends it support to healthcare seekers in the form of government funded programs like Medicare, Medicaid, Tri-care, Child Health Insurance Program and Veteran Health Administration. In this industry, employers and health insurance agencies also play a vital role (Odier, 2010). Currently, in the United States a heated debate is going on over the issue of healthcare cost to the general public and its widespread availability at the time of need. These healthcare reforms seeks to address issues such as right to healthcare; access to health care for everyone; fairness of the healthcare service provider; and efficien cy with which health care services are administered to patients. ... Despite of huge investments in healthcare, it has been found that its infant mortality rate in USA is higher and life expectancy rate is less than any other industrialized nation. Recent industry data indicates that the country has gained little in returns against huge expenditures. Obesity, heart diseases and cancer has surged amongst American population. This signifies crisis in the healthcare industry (Dougherty and Conway, 2008). These above mentioned situations in the industry are heavily influencing the way the industry is shaping itself. Consequently, a heated debate is underway regarding the role of healthcare service providers and other stakeholders of this industry. Discussion The debate is over the current situation of health care industry in United States, these are administered from four separate perspectives which are elaborated below. Scenario 1: Business as Usual This scenario for health care management and development in United States stems from a business perspectiv e. Accordingly, this side of picture advocates that the health care strategy and its corresponding procedure is a product of health care market demand and supply drift and government intercession. A trend of aging has been witnessed in America with time in the American population progression; it has been found that the life expectancy of Americans has been increased by 20 years over the last 5 decades. The percentage of the total American population heading towards aging has also been increased with baby boomers generations’ senescence. This wide fraction of Americans has identified the growing segment of market which demands integrated health care systems and institutions (Shortell and Kaluzny, 2005). The cost of establishing a

Changes in the United States after the Civil War Research Paper - 1

Changes in the United States after the Civil War - Research Paper Example The economic and social differences between the southern and northern parts of the country also contributed to the war, as the latter region was characterized by industrialization and urbanization while the former was an agrarian economy. The industrialized northern part had an advantage over the other and, thus, they won the war. The country’s rights were limited as the federal government enjoyed more power and this induced a protest against the federal government, therefore, causing the Civil War. They believed that Lincoln was anti-slavery and in favor of Northern interests. Before Lincoln was even president, seven states had seceded from the Union: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas†. The economic changes succeeding any war are found to be negative as the destruction caused by the war pull back the economic condition of a country since a huge amount of cost is involved. â€Å"The struggle to define the composition of â€Å" the people† and the republic in the new postwar and post-emancipation South was hardly settled by the American Civil War. But there was no going back. It was not just that slavery was abolished and the Confederacy destroyed, but that the slaveholders’ stunning experiment in proslavery and antidemocratic nation building was over†.Devastating economic changes were visible in both regions, but the southern part witnessed more destruction comparatively.  Mostly all the plantations in the southern region were destroyed in the war.  

Anti-poverty practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Anti-poverty practice - Essay Example A 'theory of social work' would aim at developing the participant's ability to build a foundation about human social functioning from which they can continue to analyse and integrate theories from many sources that emphasise social, biological, psychological, and cultural factors in human life.( Dominelli, L, 2004). The theoretical apparatus for social work may include applying theories to understand and explain persons in their environment; identifying, appreciating, criticizing, and comparing social paradigms, particularly with regard to the manner in which they sustain and constrain theories on development and interaction; integrating theories for advancing social work practice and policy; assessing the social effects of different theories, transferring learning across various settings, and forming a unified framework for social work; evaluating the influence of social paradigms on oneself as a social worker; and by identifying world views that affect one's beliefs, actions, and i nteractions and reflecting on their consequences for social work with different mandates, groups, and settings. Social work is generally considered as being 'dedicated' to enhancing human life locally, nationally and globally by that builds on client system strengths and empowerment abilities. The practice is geared to rural and indigenous populations and is focused on improving social and economic justice with at-risk populations. Social workers must be able to promote efforts to develop and improve human services in a variety of settings; to enhance practitioners' ability to work with diverse clients; to promote active efforts to address poverty, structural racism, and oppression; and to contribute to the development of knowledge and scholarly work reflecting rural knowledge and practice that flows from local to international contexts. Social work practice is a process intended to assist people in need or to respond to human needs. The 'mission' of a social worker may be expressed as the following goals: to practice as generalist social workers with knowledge, values, and skills for working with diverse client systems of various sizes in rural settings; to understand and work effectively with diverse populations, especially those indigenous to the area in which he/she works; to promote continued professional development and enhancement of knowledge, values, and skills for generalist social work practice; and to provide service to the community and promote social and economic justice. (Wood and Tully, 2006) Social work and poverty The social work profession's roots are entwined with poverty from the time of the Elizabethan Poor Laws in England which are usually cited as the first attempts at the policy of poverty management, to the present-day's "welfare reform" measures. Although the term "poverty" can be applied to relative depletion of any resource--of the spirit, of health, of attitude-- the term usually refers to economic poverty. Social workers' efforts with respect to those who are poor and the circumstances that produce poverty have been to mitigate the impact of poverty on people as well as to develop policies that prevent poverty. Their concern with poverty